January
Main article: January 1913
January 1 – The British Board of Film Censors receives the authority to classify and censor films.
January 13 – Edward Carson founds the (first) Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland. January 23 – General election in Tasmania.
January 23 – In the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Ismail Enver comes to power.
January 30 – The British House of Lords rejects an Irish Home Rule Bill
Ismail Enver
The Centennial Year Industrial Exposition is announced for Canada
February
Main article: February 1913
February 1 – New York City's Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the world's largest railroad station.
February 3 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income taxes.
February 9 – Mexican Revolution: Beginning of "La Decena Trágica", the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. Madero.
February 18 – Mexican Revolution: President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign. Pedro Lascuráin serves as President for less than an hour before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office
February 22 – Mexican Revolution: Assassination of Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez.
February 1: New York's Grand Central Terminal as rebuilt.
March
Main article: March 1913
March
The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, amidst an outpouring of monarchist sentiment in Russia.
Following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve China's parliament and rules as a dictator.
c. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara with 200 on board. March 3 – The Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 takes place in Washington, D.C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback.
March 4
Woodrow Wilson succeeds William Howard Taft as President of the United States.
The U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Department of Labor are established by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey form part of the Department of Commerce.
March 4: Wilson sworn in as the 28th president of the United States.
March 4–6 – First Balkan War: Battle of Bizani: Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani (covering the approaches to Ioannina) from the Ottoman Empire.
March 7 – The British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, explodes in Baltimore harbour. March 12 – Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra.
March 13 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his self-imposed exile in the United States.
March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy (Escuela de Aviación Militar) is founded in Uruguay, to become the Military Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Militar) on 4 December 1952. The Uruguayan Air Force (FAU) would grow from this foundation.
March 18 – King George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne. He is succeeded by his son Constantine.
March 20 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party (Kuomintang), is wounded in an assassination attempt and dies two days later.
March 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin an attempt to revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina.
March 25 – Great Dayton Flood after four days of rain in the Miami Valley kills over 360 and destroys 20,000 homes, chiefly in Dayton.
March 26
Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza announces his Plan of Guadalupe and begins his rebellion against Victoriano Huerta's government as head of the Constitutionals.
Balkan Wars: Siege of Adrianople ends when Bulgarian forces take Adrianople from the Ottomans.
March 12: Australia begins building the new capital of Canberra.
April
Main article: April 1913
April 5 – The United States Soccer Federation is formed.
April 8 – The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, dictating the direct election of senators.
April 21 – Cunard ocean liner RMS Aquitania, built by John Brown & Company, is launched on the River Clyde.
April 24 – The Woolworth Building opens in New York City. Designed by Cass Gilbert, it is the tallest building in the world at this date and for more than a decade after.
May
Main article: May 1913
May 3 – Raja Harishchandra, the first full-length Indian feature film is released, marking the beginning of the Indian film industry.
May 9–July 11 – Major industrial strike in the Black Country of England involving 25,000 workers, threatening preparations for World War I in naval and steel industries. The workers demand 23 shillings minimum wage.
May 14 – New York Governor William Sulzer approves the charter for the Rockefeller Foundation, which begins operations with a $100,000,000 donation from John D. Rockefeller.
May 26 (May 13 O.S.) – Igor Sikorsky becomes the first person to pilot a 4-engine fixed-wing aircraft.
May 29 – The ballet The Rite of Spring, with music by Igor Stravinsky conducted by Pierre Monteux, choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky and design by Nicholas Roerich, is premièred by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris; its modernism provokes one of the most famous classical music riots in history. May 30 – First Balkan War: The Treaty of London is signed, ending the war. Greece is granted those parts of southern Epirus which it does not already control and the independence of Albania is recognised.
South Africa's first flying school opens in Kimberley to train pilots for the South African Aviation Corps, to become the South African Air Force on 1 February 1920.
June
Main article: June 1913
June 1 – The Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War.
June 4 – Emily Davison, a British suffragette, runs out in front of the King's horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby. She is trampled and dies four days later in hospital, never having regained consciousness. June 8 – The Deutsches Stadion in Berlin is dedicated with the release of 10,000 pigeons in front of an audience of 60,000 people. It had been constructed in anticipation of the 1916 Summer Olympics, later to be cancelled the result of World War I.
June 11
Women's suffrage is enacted in Norway.
Battle of Bud Bagsak: Armed with guns and heavy artillery, U.S. and Philippine troops under General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing fight a four-day battle against 500 Moro rebels who are armed mostly with kampilan swords. The rebels are killed in a final desperate charge on June 15.
June 18 – The Arab Congress of 1913 opens, during which Arab nationalists meet to discuss desired reforms under the Ottoman Empire.
June 19 – The Parliament of South Africa passes the Natives Land Act, limiting land ownership for blacks to black territories.
June 24 – Joseph Cook becomes the 6th Prime Minister of Australia.
June 29 – The Second Balkan War begins.
July
Main article: July 1913
Foundation of Iglesia ni Cristo, an independent sect of Christianity in the Philippines.
July 10
Romania declares war on Bulgaria.
Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), the highest temperature recorded in the world (as of 2013).
July 27 – Foundation of the town of San Javier, Uruguay, by Russian settlers.
August
Main article: August 1913
August 4 – Republic of China: the province of Chungking (Chongqing) declares independence; Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks.
August 10 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed, ending the war. Macedonia is divided and Northern Epirus is assigned to Albania.
August 13 – Harry Brearley invents stainless steel in Sheffield. August 20 – After his airplane fails at an altitude of 900 feet (270 m), aviator Adolphe Pégoud becomes the first person to bail out to safety from an airplane and land safely. August 23 – The statue The Little Mermaid in Copenhagen, Denmark, is finished.
August 26 – Dublin Lock-out in Ireland: Members of James Larkin's Irish Transport and General Workers' Union employed by the Dublin United Tramways Company begin strike action in defiance of the dismissal of trade union members by its chairman. August 31 – Dublin Lock-out: "Bloody Sunday": The dispute escalates when the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator and injure 400 in dispersing a demonstration.
September
Main article: September 1913 (month)
The Balkan boundaries after 1913
September 9 – In Germany, BASF starts the world's first plant for the production of fertilizer based on the Haber-Bosch process, feeding today about a third of the world's population.
September – Jean Sibelius leads his tone poem Luonnotar premiere in Helsinki, Finland with soprano Aino Ackté.
September 17 – In Chicago, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith is founded, with Sigmund Livingston as its first president.
September 23 – French aviator Roland Garros crosses the Mediterranean in an airplane flying from Fréjus, France to Bizerte, Tunisia.
September 29 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.
October
Main article: October 1913
October 1 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa's troops take Torreón after a 3-day battle, when government troops retreat.
October 10
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, ending construction on the Panama Canal.
Yuan Shikai elected as President of the Republic of China.[citation needed]
October 14 – Senghenydd Colliery Disaster: An explosion at the Universal Colliery, Senghenydd in South Wales kills 439 miners, the worst mining accident in the United Kingdom. October 16 – HMS Queen Elizabeth is launched at Portsmouth Dockyard as the first oil-fired battleship.
Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig
October 18 – The Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig in Germany is finished.
October 19 – The DLRG (German Life-Saving Society) is founded.
October 26 – Victoriano Huerta elected president of Mexico.
October 31 – The Lincoln Highway, the first automobile road across the United States, is dedicated.
November
Main article: November 1913
November 5 – The King Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title Ludwig III.
November 6 – Mohandas Gandhi is arrested while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.
November 7–11 – The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 claims 19 ships and more than 250 lives.
December
Main article: December 1913
December 1
The Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line, reducing chassis assembly time from 12½ hours in October to 2 hours, 40 minutes. Although Ford is not the first to use an assembly line, his successful adoption of one sparks an era of mass production.
Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the First Balkan War, is annexed by Greece.
December 12 – Vincenzo Peruggia tries to sell the Mona Lisa in Florence and is arrested.
December 23 – The Federal Reserve System is created as the central banking system of the United States by Woodrow Wilson's signature of the Federal Reserve Act.
December 30 – Italy returns the Mona Lisa to France.
Main article: January 1913
January 1 – The British Board of Film Censors receives the authority to classify and censor films.
January 13 – Edward Carson founds the (first) Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland. January 23 – General election in Tasmania.
January 23 – In the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Ismail Enver comes to power.
January 30 – The British House of Lords rejects an Irish Home Rule Bill
Ismail Enver
The Centennial Year Industrial Exposition is announced for Canada
February
Main article: February 1913
February 1 – New York City's Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the world's largest railroad station.
February 3 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income taxes.
February 9 – Mexican Revolution: Beginning of "La Decena Trágica", the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. Madero.
February 18 – Mexican Revolution: President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign. Pedro Lascuráin serves as President for less than an hour before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office
February 22 – Mexican Revolution: Assassination of Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez.
February 1: New York's Grand Central Terminal as rebuilt.
March
Main article: March 1913
March
The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, amidst an outpouring of monarchist sentiment in Russia.
Following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve China's parliament and rules as a dictator.
c. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara with 200 on board. March 3 – The Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 takes place in Washington, D.C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback.
March 4
Woodrow Wilson succeeds William Howard Taft as President of the United States.
The U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Department of Labor are established by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey form part of the Department of Commerce.
March 4: Wilson sworn in as the 28th president of the United States.
March 4–6 – First Balkan War: Battle of Bizani: Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani (covering the approaches to Ioannina) from the Ottoman Empire.
March 7 – The British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, explodes in Baltimore harbour. March 12 – Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra.
March 13 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his self-imposed exile in the United States.
March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy (Escuela de Aviación Militar) is founded in Uruguay, to become the Military Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Militar) on 4 December 1952. The Uruguayan Air Force (FAU) would grow from this foundation.
March 18 – King George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne. He is succeeded by his son Constantine.
March 20 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party (Kuomintang), is wounded in an assassination attempt and dies two days later.
March 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin an attempt to revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina.
March 25 – Great Dayton Flood after four days of rain in the Miami Valley kills over 360 and destroys 20,000 homes, chiefly in Dayton.
March 26
Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza announces his Plan of Guadalupe and begins his rebellion against Victoriano Huerta's government as head of the Constitutionals.
Balkan Wars: Siege of Adrianople ends when Bulgarian forces take Adrianople from the Ottomans.
March 12: Australia begins building the new capital of Canberra.
April
Main article: April 1913
April 5 – The United States Soccer Federation is formed.
April 8 – The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, dictating the direct election of senators.
April 21 – Cunard ocean liner RMS Aquitania, built by John Brown & Company, is launched on the River Clyde.
April 24 – The Woolworth Building opens in New York City. Designed by Cass Gilbert, it is the tallest building in the world at this date and for more than a decade after.
May
Main article: May 1913
May 3 – Raja Harishchandra, the first full-length Indian feature film is released, marking the beginning of the Indian film industry.
May 9–July 11 – Major industrial strike in the Black Country of England involving 25,000 workers, threatening preparations for World War I in naval and steel industries. The workers demand 23 shillings minimum wage.
May 14 – New York Governor William Sulzer approves the charter for the Rockefeller Foundation, which begins operations with a $100,000,000 donation from John D. Rockefeller.
May 26 (May 13 O.S.) – Igor Sikorsky becomes the first person to pilot a 4-engine fixed-wing aircraft.
May 29 – The ballet The Rite of Spring, with music by Igor Stravinsky conducted by Pierre Monteux, choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky and design by Nicholas Roerich, is premièred by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris; its modernism provokes one of the most famous classical music riots in history. May 30 – First Balkan War: The Treaty of London is signed, ending the war. Greece is granted those parts of southern Epirus which it does not already control and the independence of Albania is recognised.
South Africa's first flying school opens in Kimberley to train pilots for the South African Aviation Corps, to become the South African Air Force on 1 February 1920.
June
Main article: June 1913
June 1 – The Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War.
June 4 – Emily Davison, a British suffragette, runs out in front of the King's horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby. She is trampled and dies four days later in hospital, never having regained consciousness. June 8 – The Deutsches Stadion in Berlin is dedicated with the release of 10,000 pigeons in front of an audience of 60,000 people. It had been constructed in anticipation of the 1916 Summer Olympics, later to be cancelled the result of World War I.
June 11
Women's suffrage is enacted in Norway.
Battle of Bud Bagsak: Armed with guns and heavy artillery, U.S. and Philippine troops under General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing fight a four-day battle against 500 Moro rebels who are armed mostly with kampilan swords. The rebels are killed in a final desperate charge on June 15.
June 18 – The Arab Congress of 1913 opens, during which Arab nationalists meet to discuss desired reforms under the Ottoman Empire.
June 19 – The Parliament of South Africa passes the Natives Land Act, limiting land ownership for blacks to black territories.
June 24 – Joseph Cook becomes the 6th Prime Minister of Australia.
June 29 – The Second Balkan War begins.
July
Main article: July 1913
Foundation of Iglesia ni Cristo, an independent sect of Christianity in the Philippines.
July 10
Romania declares war on Bulgaria.
Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), the highest temperature recorded in the world (as of 2013).
July 27 – Foundation of the town of San Javier, Uruguay, by Russian settlers.
August
Main article: August 1913
August 4 – Republic of China: the province of Chungking (Chongqing) declares independence; Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks.
August 10 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed, ending the war. Macedonia is divided and Northern Epirus is assigned to Albania.
August 13 – Harry Brearley invents stainless steel in Sheffield. August 20 – After his airplane fails at an altitude of 900 feet (270 m), aviator Adolphe Pégoud becomes the first person to bail out to safety from an airplane and land safely. August 23 – The statue The Little Mermaid in Copenhagen, Denmark, is finished.
August 26 – Dublin Lock-out in Ireland: Members of James Larkin's Irish Transport and General Workers' Union employed by the Dublin United Tramways Company begin strike action in defiance of the dismissal of trade union members by its chairman. August 31 – Dublin Lock-out: "Bloody Sunday": The dispute escalates when the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator and injure 400 in dispersing a demonstration.
September
Main article: September 1913 (month)
The Balkan boundaries after 1913
September 9 – In Germany, BASF starts the world's first plant for the production of fertilizer based on the Haber-Bosch process, feeding today about a third of the world's population.
September – Jean Sibelius leads his tone poem Luonnotar premiere in Helsinki, Finland with soprano Aino Ackté.
September 17 – In Chicago, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith is founded, with Sigmund Livingston as its first president.
September 23 – French aviator Roland Garros crosses the Mediterranean in an airplane flying from Fréjus, France to Bizerte, Tunisia.
September 29 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.
October
Main article: October 1913
October 1 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa's troops take Torreón after a 3-day battle, when government troops retreat.
October 10
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, ending construction on the Panama Canal.
Yuan Shikai elected as President of the Republic of China.[citation needed]
October 14 – Senghenydd Colliery Disaster: An explosion at the Universal Colliery, Senghenydd in South Wales kills 439 miners, the worst mining accident in the United Kingdom. October 16 – HMS Queen Elizabeth is launched at Portsmouth Dockyard as the first oil-fired battleship.
Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig
October 18 – The Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig in Germany is finished.
October 19 – The DLRG (German Life-Saving Society) is founded.
October 26 – Victoriano Huerta elected president of Mexico.
October 31 – The Lincoln Highway, the first automobile road across the United States, is dedicated.
November
Main article: November 1913
November 5 – The King Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title Ludwig III.
November 6 – Mohandas Gandhi is arrested while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.
November 7–11 – The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 claims 19 ships and more than 250 lives.
December
Main article: December 1913
December 1
The Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line, reducing chassis assembly time from 12½ hours in October to 2 hours, 40 minutes. Although Ford is not the first to use an assembly line, his successful adoption of one sparks an era of mass production.
Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the First Balkan War, is annexed by Greece.
December 12 – Vincenzo Peruggia tries to sell the Mona Lisa in Florence and is arrested.
December 23 – The Federal Reserve System is created as the central banking system of the United States by Woodrow Wilson's signature of the Federal Reserve Act.
December 30 – Italy returns the Mona Lisa to France.