1914

January 1, 1914 (Thursday)

    British governor Sir Frederick Lugard successfully completed amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorates of Nigeria to form one country. The newly united colony and protectorate were to be presided over by a proconsul, who was entitled the Governor-General of Nigeria. Although formally the country's name was derived from the Niger River, some accounts attribute the name of the country to Flora, Lady Lugard, wife of the governor, in a letter she wrote to the The Times on 8 January 1897. Lady Lugard suggested the name Nigeria as a shortened alternative to the Royal Niger Company's Territories, in reference to the mercantile company chartered by the British government to operate in that region.
    Battle of Ojinaga - About 6,000 of Pancho Villa's soldiers under command of Gen. Toribio Ortega Ramírez attacked 4,000 federal troop occupying Ojinaga, a town on the Mexican-U.S. border. Ramírez's men forced federal troops out of outlying outposts into the adobe buildings of the town, but were stalled by artillery bombardment.
    The St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line in the United States started services between St. Petersburg and Tampa, Florida, becoming the first airline to provide scheduled regular commercial passenger services with winged aircraft, with Anthony Jannus (the first federally-licensed pilot) conveying passengers in a Benoist XIV flying boat. Abram C. Pheil, former mayor of St. Petersburg, was the first airline passenger and over 3,000 people witnessed the first departure.
    The Naval Wing of the Royal Flying Corps was given the responsibility for the operation of all British military airships. The Royal Navy retained control of all British airships until December 1919.
    Horatio Clarence Hocken was reelected mayor of Toronto, defeating Fred McBrien with over 21,000 votes to the challenger's 16,000. The city also elected to city council Louis Singer, the first representative of Toronto's large Jewish community.
    Kornelis ter Laan, member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, was appointed mayor of Zaandam, becoming the first politician from the Social Democratic Workers' Party to hold a municipal leadership position. He would remain mayor until 1937.
    French artist Charles Ginner introduced the concept of neorealism in a manifesto published in the art magazine New Age.
    The first edition of Cuvânt moldovenesc was published in Bessarabia, Austria-Hungary, and lasted until 1919. The paper was revived in 1943.
    The 1914 Five Nations Championship - an international rugby tournament - commenced with England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales in competition. Originally started out as the Home Nations Championships involving only the countries in the British Isles, the name was changed to reflect the inclusion of France. Ten matches were spread out over weeks with the final played in April.
    The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour - The tour reached Australia and played a New Years Day game in Brisbane, with the New York Giants beating White Sox 2-1.
    Born: Noor Inayat Khan, World War II SOE agent and heroine, in Moscow (d. 1944, executed in Dachau); Richard T. James, American engineer, inventor of the spring toy Slinky, in Philadelphia (d. 1974); Adwaita Mallabarman, Bengali writer, author of the novel Titash Ekti Nadir Naam (A River Called Titas), in the Brahmanbaria District, Bengal, British India (d. 1951); L. S. N. Prasad, Indian pediatrician, professor of pediatrics at Patna Medical College and Hospital, in Bihar Sharif, India (d. 2009)
    Died: Alice Brady, Irish labour activist, youth leader in the 1913 Dublin Lockout, died from a gunshot wound (b. 1898)

January 2, 1914 (Friday)

    Battle of Ojinaga - An estimated 1,000 casualties were reported as the battle moved into its second day, with Pancho Villa troops under the command of Gen. Toribio Ortega Ramírez slowly gaining ground against defending federal troops in Ojinaga, Mexico in spite of constant artillery bombardment. Many federal troops deserted and crossed the Mexican-U.S. border into Presidio, Texas where the United States Army assisted the Red Cross in setting up a mobile hospital to treat wounded while at the same time disarming and turning away hundreds of others.
    British aviator Trehawke Davies became the first woman to experience an aerobatic loop as a passenger in a Hamel's Morane-Saulnier monoplane piloted by fellow countryman Gustav Hamel.
    Born: Violet Stuart Mann British writer for best-selling romantic single novels and series, in Berkshire, England (d. 1986); Karl-Heinz Keitel, Sturmbannführer (Major) in the Waffen-SS during World War II, in Wolfenbüttel, Germany (date of death unknown); Angus G. Wynne, American businessman, developer of the Six Flags theme parks, in Kaufman County, Texas (d. 1979); Rachel Saint, American missionary, known for her missionary work with the Huaorani people in Ecuador, in Wyncote, Pennsylvania (d. 1994)
    Died: Raoul Pugno, French composer, best known for his piano interpretations of Mozart (b. 1852)

January 3, 1914 (Saturday)

    Battle of Ojinaga - An estimated 2,000 wounded or deserting Mexican federal troops crossed the Mexican-U.S. into Presidio, Texas as Pancho Villa revolutionary troops pounded federal defenses in the town of Ojinaga, Mexico.
    The returned Mona Lisa only received 60 visits at the Louvre in Paris. The painting had been missing for about two-and-half years before Vincenzo Peruggia, a Louvre employee who had stolen the painting, attempted to sell it to museum officials in Florence.
    Caffè San Marco officially opened for business in Trieste, Italy, becoming a famous rendezvous for many artists and intellectuals including James Joyce, Umberto Saba and Italo Svevo. The café would be destroyed in World War One and rebuilt.
    The musical Nuts and Wine - with lyrics by C. H. Bovill and P. G. Wodehouse and music by Frank E. Tours - premiered at the Empire Theatre in London.
    The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour - The New York Giants and the White Sox entertained crowds in Sydney, Australia with a exhibition game of baseball, with the Sox beating the Giants 5-4.
    Born: Archduchess Adelheid of Austria, member of Austrian Imperial family, at Schloss Hetzendorf, Austria-Hungary (d. 1971); Ernst Bauer, German U-boat of U-boats U-120 and U-126 in World War Two, in Fürth, Germany (d. 1988)
    Died: John Willms, American Catholic priest, missionary for Pennsylvania, rector of the Pittsburgh Catholic College of the Holy Ghost (now Duquesne University) and director of the Association of the Holy Childhood (b. 1849)

January 4, 1914 (Sunday)

    The tanker Oklahoma exploded and sank in the Atlantic Ocean 50 nautical miles (93 km) southeast of Sandy Hook, New Jersey with the loss of 32 of her 40 crew. Survivors were rescued by the Bavaria of Germany and the Salvo of Spain.
    Battle of Ojinaga - Pancho Villa relieved Gen. Toribio Ortega Ramírez of command after the officer ordered his men to withdraw after four days of fruitless attacks against federal troops barricaded in the town of Ojinaga. An additional 1,000 revolutionary soldiers were brought up from Chihuahua, Chihuahua to strengthen the current attacking force.
    Thomas Winsmore, a three-masted schooner ran aground on a shoal during a storm in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of North Carolina. Her crew were rescued by USRC Seminole and the ship was towed back to shore.

    Canadian schooner Ionia sank during a storm off Sable Island - located 109 miles (175 km) southeast of Nova Scotia - with all seven crew reported lost.
    Born: Herman Franks, American catcher for the New York Giants when the MLB team won the 1954 World Series, in Price, Utah (d. 2009); Jean-Pierre Vernant, French historian and anthropologist who specialized in ancient Greece, in Provins, France (d. 2007)
    Died: Silas Weir Mitchell, American physician who discovered causalgia (b. 1829); John E. Reyburn, U.S. Representative of Pennsylvania from 1890 to 1897 (b. 1845); Mark Melford, British stage actor and playwright, pioneer of British farce (b. 1850)

January 5, 1914 (Monday)

    Saverne Affair - Military trials commenced in Strasbourg, Germany for Colonel Adolf von Reuter, commanding officer of the Prussian Infantry Regiment 99 in Saverne, Alsace (now in France), and Second Lieutenant Schadt, both charged of unlawfully appropriating authority from the civilian police during and after a public protest on November 28, 1913.
    Ford Motor Company announced an eight-hour workday and a daily wage of $5. The new workplace policy increased the auto manufacturer's productivity, and a significant increase in profit margin (from $30 million to $60 million in two years).
    The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour - The New York Giants and the White Sox played their second baseball exhibition game in Sydney, Australia with the Sox slaying the Giants 10-5.
    Born: George Reeves, American actor, best known for the title role in the 1950s TV series Adventures of Superman (d. 1959, official death by suicide); Nicolas de Staël, Russian-born French painter best known for his abstract landscape painting, in Saint Petersburg (d. 1955); Germán Gómez, Spanish footballer (soccer player) for Racing Santander and Atlético Madrid in Santander, Spain (d. 2004)
    Born: George Bates, Australian footballer in the Victorian Football League (date of death unknown); Tony DeSantis, American businessman, founder of the Drury Lane theatres, in Gary, Indiana (d. 2007); Rudolf Schnackenburg, German Catholic priest and biblical scholar, leading biblical interpreter of the Gospel of John, in Katowice, Prussia (d. 2002); James C. Logan, American lawyer, president of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity when 44 new chapters were installed (d. 1997)
    Died: François Cellier, English conductor and composer, music director and conductor of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company (b. 1849); Michel Ephrussi, Russian-French banker and horse breeder, bred several award-winning Thoroughbreds (b. 1844)

January 6, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Charles E. Merrill opened his brokerage firm Charles E. Merrill & Co. for business at 7 Wall Street in New York City. His firm joined with Edmund C. Lynch a year later to become Merrill Lynch & Company.
    Battle of Ojinaga - In a surreal turn in Pancho Villa's bloody campaign to take Ojinaga, the Mexican revolutionary signed a motion picture deal with Harry Aitken, who opened the Reliance-Majestic Studio with D.W. Griffith in Hollywood, California later that year. Aitken had sent a film crew of 10 to the Ojinaga battle site to shoot footage of the fighting from the revolutionary army's viewpoint. Aitken was quoted in the press with having second thoughts about the contract between his production company and Villa: "How would you feel to be a partner with a man engaged in killing people, and do you suspect the fact that moving picture machines are in range to immortalize an act of daring or of cruel brutality will have any effect on the warfare itself?"
    Born: Danny Thomas, American comedian best known for the 1950s TV sitcom The Danny Thomas Show, in Deerfield, Michigan (d. 1991); David Bruce, American film actor known for roles in The Mad Ghoul and Lady on a Train, in Kankakee, Illinois (d. 1976)
    Born: Federico Caffè, Italian economist, leading thinker on economic policy and welfare, in Pescara, Italy (disappeared in 1998); Godfrey Edward Arnold, Austrian-American medical researcher in speech pathology in Olomouc, Austria-Hungary (d. 1989); Kenneth Pitzer, American chemist, known for his Pitzer equations in describing the behavior of molecule ions in water, in Pomona, California (d. 1997)
    Died: Willem Essuman Pietersen, Dutch Gold Coast politician and educator, president of the Aborigines' Rights Protection Society (b. 1844); Charles Tudor Williams, American businessman and educator, brother to Edward Porter Williams, (co-founder of the Sherwin-Williams Company) (b. 1839)

January 7, 1914 (Wednesday)

    The Alexandre La Valley, an old French crane boat, completed its transit though newly completed Panama Canal on a test run, becoming the first actual vessel to do so. The SS Ancon would be the first ship to officially transit the canal on August 15, 1914.
    Some 200 Ottoman Empire soldiers were arrested on board a steamer the port city of Avlona, Albania by the country's provisional government. The Empire had intended to land troops in the port and proclaim Gen. Ahmed Izzet Pasha "King of Albania." Martial law was declared in the country immediately after the arrests.
    Battle of Ojinaga - Pancho Villa delayed an attack on federal troops barricaded in the town of Ojinaga, Mexico until a four-man film crew from New York City was able to cross the Mexican-U.S. border and reach the rebel army's line. Villa had signed a contract with Harry Aitken and Frank M. Thayer of the Mutual Film Company to have the battle filmed. Footage of the battle was edited into staged scenes to give the film more of a narrative and released as the The Life of General Villa, produced by D.W. Griffith and directed by Raoul Walsh who also appeared in the film. The film is now presumably lost.
    The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour - The tour moved on to Melbourne, Australia where the New York Giants attempted to even out the series wins on the continent with a 12-8 victory over the White Sox in front of a crowd of 10,000.
    The Uruguayan football association club Rampla Juniors was formed near Montevideo.
    Born: Cresson Kearny, American military specialist, author of the civil defense manual Nuclear War Survival Skills (d. 2003)
    Died: Joseph Dubuc, Canadian politician and federal judge, member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1870 to 1878, member of the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba from 1879 to 1909 (b. 1840); George M. Thomas, U.S. Representative of Kentucky from 1887 to 1889, served as Solicitor of Internal Revenue from 1897 to 1901 (b. 1828); Patrick Weston Joyce, Irish historian, author of The Origin and History of Irish Names of Places (1869) (b. 1827)

January 8, 1914 (Thursday)

    South African workers with The Amalgamated Society of Railway and Harbour Servants began to strike in the Transvaal and Orange Free State over the October 1913 decision of the Railway Administration to retrench labor.
    The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour - The Melbourne stop closed the Australian leg of the tour with the New York Giants clinching a 4-3 win over the White Sox in 11 innings.
    Born: Norman Nicholson, British poet, best known for works about the life and language of his hometown of Millom, England (d. 1987); Lucien Bodard, French reporter and writer covering events in Asia including the rise of the communist China, in Chongqing, China (d. 1998); Hermann Pilnik, German-born Argentine chess Grandmaster, in Stuttgart, Germany (d. 1981); Hans Kolbow, German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II, in Hamburg (d. 1941, killed in action)
    Died: Simon Bolivar Buckner, American soldier and politician, Confederate Army officer and 30th Governor of Kentucky (b. 1823); Charles E. Hooker, U.S. Representative of Mississippi from 1875 to 1903 (b. 1825); Winslow Upton, American astronomer, director of the Ladd Observatory (b. 1853)

January 9, 1914 (Friday)

    The Phi Beta Sigma fraternity was founded by African American students at Howard University in Washington, D.C.
    Born: Kenny Clarke, American jazz musician, major innovator for the bebop style of drumming, in Pittsburgh (d. 1985); Derek Allhusen, British Olympic equestrian, gold and silver medalist at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico, in London (d. 2000); Ted Berkman, American journalist and screenwriter, best known for Bedtime for Bonzo starring Ronald Reagan, in New York City (d. 2006)

January 10, 1914 (Saturday)

    Battle of Ojinaga - Pancho Villa led a force of 7,000 troops and captured Ojinaga, forcing more than half of the 4,000 defending federal troops to retreat over the Mexican-U.S. border. The victory effectively gave Villa control of nearly all of northern Mexico and cemented his reputation as a great military leader.
    Yuan Shikai, Provisional President for the Republic of China, formally dissolved Parliament after defeating political opponents Kuomintang through months of political and military maneuvers. Yuan began steps to replace the republic's provisional constitution with his own and within months proclaimed himself as China's new emperor.
    Saverne Affair - A military court in Strasbourg, Germany acquitted commanding officer Colonel Adolf von Reuter and Second Lieutenant Schadt for illegally appropriating the civilian police during and after a public protest on November 28, 1913 in Saverne, Alsace.
    Canadian Arctic Expedition – After drifting in ice for several months in the Beaufort Sea, the polar expedition crew of the ship Karluk were wakened to "a severe shudder [that] shook the whole ship," according to expedition member William Laird McKinlay. It was evident ice was attacking the hull, and at 6:45 AM a loud bang was heard, indicating the hull has been punctured. Captain Robert Bartlett observed a gash 10 feet (3.0 m) in the ship's engine room. With the pumps unable to handle the inflow of water, Bartlett ordered the crew to abandon ship.
    Rent strike organizers for 300 tenants living in the Burley area of Leeds called for a city-wide protest against a 6d increase in rents imposed by the Leeds branch of the Property Owners Association. The strike lasted eight weeks.
    A by-election for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Adelaide was held, triggered by the death of Labor Party MP Ernest Roberts. Labour Party candidate Edwin Yates won the seat, taking over 10,072 thousand votes (84 per cent) over Single Tax League opponent Edward Craigie at 1,857 (15 per cent).
    Archaeologists T. E. Lawrence and Leonard Woolley were recruited to undertake an archaeological survey of the Negev in Palestine.
    John G. Morrison and his son Arling were killed in their Salt Lake City grocery store by two armed intruders masked in red bandannas. Later that evening, labor activist Joel Emmanuel Hägglund, better known as Joe Hill, met a local doctor to be treated for a bullet wound in the left lung. Hill claimed he had been shot following an argument with a woman but refused to name her. The doctor later reported to police that Hill was also armed with a pistol. Police investigators searched Hill's residence and found a red bandanna but the pistol purported to be in Hill's possession was never found. Hill denied involvement in the robbery and the killing of Morrison. Hill did not know Morrison, and at his trial, defense lawyers pointed out four other people were treated for bullet wounds that same night, and the entry and size of the bullet wound aligned with Hill's testimony of the circumstances when he was shot.
    Norwegian speed skater Oscar Mathisen set the first of five world records throughout the month of January, starting with a finish of 43.7 seconds in the 500 m in Oslo.
    Born: Polly Rowles, American actress, known for film and TV roles such as The Defenders, in Philadelphia (d. 2001); Yu Kuo-hwa, Premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan from 1984 to 1989, in Fenghua, China (d. 2000); Pierre Cogan, French cyclist, winner of the 1936 Grand-Prix de Plouay Ouest-France, in Auray, France (d. 2013); John Petts, English-born Welsh engraver and stained glass artist, in London (d. 1991); Torsten Bengtson; Swedish politician, member of the Parliament of Sweden from 1950 to 1982 (d. 1998)
    Died: Saint Leonie Aviat, Roman Catholic nun who co-founded the congregation of the Oblate Sisters of St. Francis de Sales (b. 1844); Robert Oskar Julius von Görschen, German lawyer, held key business executive positions for Aachen's top two companies (b. 1829)

January 11, 1914 (Sunday)

    The Sakurajima volcano in Japan began to erupt after being dormant for over a century, becoming effusive after a very large earthquake on January 12. The lava flow caused the island which it formed to be linked to the Ōsumi Peninsula.
    The People's Party of Montenegro ousted the governing True People's Party in parliamentary elections in Montenegro.
    Canadian Arctic Expedition – The expedition's flagship - the Karluk - sank. The crew had worked throughout yesterday when the hull break was discovered and overnight in pitch darkness and driving snow to add rations and equipment to stockpiles already left out on the ice for emergency. At 3:15 PM, Captain Robert Bartlett played Chopin's Funeral March on the ship's Victrola before stepping off the Karluk. The ship sank within minutes. Stranded on the ice were 22 men, one woman, two children, 16 dogs and a cat. The team immediately assembled a "Shipwreck Camp" as they prepared for a march to Wrangel Island, the nearest piece of land, in February when daylight hours were longer.
    The Jagadbandhu Institution — an all-boys academy — was established by Jagadbandhu Roy in Kolkata, India. The school was renowned for producing famous Indian leaders, scholars, artists and scientists including English scholar Chinmoy Guha, art critic Samik Bandyopadhyay, and historian Tapan Raychaudhuri.
    Norway's Oscar Mathisen achieved the second of five world records in speed skating for January, skating 2:19.4 minutes in the 1,500 m in Oslo.
    The Italian association football club A.S.D. Reggio Calabria was founded in Reggio Calabria, Italy as Unione Sportiva Reggio Calabria, undercoming many name changes over the decades until its present title in 1986.
    Born: Dorothy Jeakins, American film costume designer, co-winner with Barbara Karinska for the first Oscar in Costume Design for Joan of Arc in 1948, in San Diego (d. 1995); Bernice Gordon, American crossword puzzle constructor for the New York Times (d. 2015); Robert Ayres, British rugby player, played as Prop for the Barrow Raiders rugby club from 1933 to 1945, in Barrow-in-Furness, England (d. 1993)
    Born: Joseph L. Fisher, American politician, U.S. Representative from Virginia from 1975 to 1981 and a founder of Resources for the Future, in Pawtucket, Rhode Island (d. 1992); Dora del Hoyo, Spanish laity, first women member of Opus Dei, in León, Spain (d. 2004); Sherman P. Lloyd, American politician, U.S. Representative from Utah from 1963 to 1973, in St. Anthony, Idaho (d. 1979); Beverly Briley, American politician, first mayor of the Nashville and Davidson County metropolitan government from 1963 to 1974, in West Nashville, Tennessee (d. 1980)
    Died: Carl Jacobsen, Danish brewer and patron of the arts, son of J.C. Jacobsen, the founder of the Carlsberg brewery (b. 1842)

January 12, 1914 (Monday)

    An earthquake measuring 6.7 in magnitude - caused by the erupting Sakurajima volcano - killed 29 people and destroyed 120 homes in the Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan.
    Born: Albrecht von Goertz, German car designer for the BMW 503 and BMW 507, in Brunkensen, Germany (d. 2006); Edward Gurney, United States Senator from Florida from 1969 till 1974, in Portland, Maine (d. 1996); Roy Jack, New Zealand cabinet minister and Speaker of the House of Representatives, in New Plymouth, New Zealand (d. 1977)
    Born: D. C. Kizhakemuri, Indian publisher and writer, founder of DC Books, in Kanjirappally, India (d. 1999); Emilio Bajada, Italian mathematician, lead researcher on calculus of variations (d. 1984); Gordon Zubrod. American medical researcher, played a prominent role in introducing chemotherapy to cancer treatment (d. 1999)
    Died: Anton Dorph, Danish painter, famous for his altarpieces and depictions of fishing life in Denmark (b. 1831)

January 13, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Born: Ted Willis, British television dramatist and author, listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the most prolific writer, in Tottenham, England (d. 1992); John Rennie, 6th Director of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) from 1968 to 1973, in Marylebone, Westminster, England (d. 1981); Hansgeorg Bätcher, German Oberstleutnant bomber pilot in the Luftwaffe during World War II and recipient Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Finsterwalde, Germany (d. 2003)
    Died: Valentin Zubiaurre, Spanish composer and professor of the Madrid Royal Conservatory (b. 1837); John Philip Bourke, Australian poet, author of the poet collection Off the Bluebush (b. 1860); Alfred Lichtwark, German art curator and historian, director of the Kunsthalle Hamburg (b. 1852); Edward Charles Spitzka, American neurologist, pioneered studies of the anatomy of the human nervous system (b. 1852)

January 14, 1914 (Wednesday)

    The Ford Motor Company reached a milestone of building a Ford Model T in 93 minutes using the assembly process.
    Karen Blixen, author of Out of Africa, arrived in Kenya and was married the same day to her second cousin Bror Flixen-Finecke, receiving the title of baroness.
    The Bridge of Sighs over New College Lane at Hertford College at Oxford was opened to the public. The crossing was designed by Thomas Graham Jackson, the architect of many of Oxford's turn of the century structures including the Oxford Military College campus.
    Born: Harold Russell, Canadian-American World War Two veteran and actor, winner of the Oscar for Best Actor in Best Years of Our Lives, in North Sydney, Nova Scotia (d. 2002); Dudley Randall, American poet and publisher, founder of Broadside Press in 1965, in Detroit, Michigan (d. 2000); Vince Alascia, American comic book artist, famous for his work on Captain America during the Golden Age of Comic Books (d. 1998)
    Born: Mordechai Zar, Israeli politician, member of the Knesset for Mapai and its successors between 1959 and 1974, in Mashhad, Persia (d. 1982); Magda Fedor, Hungarian sharp shooter, three-time medalist at the ISSF World Shooting Championships, in Vasalja, Austria-Hungary (still alive in 2014); Yasuhira Kiyohara, Japanese officer for the Imperial Army, one of the officers involved in coup d'état on February 26, 1936, in Uki, Kumamoto, Japan (d. 2001)
    Born: Gaetano Alibrandi, Italian senior papal diplomat, Personal Secretary to Giovanni Battista Cardinal Montini (later Pope Paul VI, in Province of Catania, Sicily (d. 2003); Owen A. Allred, leader of Mormon fundamentalist Apostolic United Brethren, in Blackfoot, Idaho (d. 2005); Emmy Andriesse, Dutch photographer and resistance fighter, part of the Underground Camera group, in The Hague (d. 1953); Álvaro Cardoso, Portuguese association football player, played central defender for Sporting Clube de Portugal from 1938 to 1948, in Setúbal, Portugal (d. 2004)

January 15, 1914 (Thursday)

    Swift Current, Saskatchewan was incorporated as a city.
    The first meeting of the Indian Science Congress was held at the premises of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta, with Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee, Vice Chancellor of the University of Calcutta presiding over 105 scientists from India and abroad in attendance.”
    The Montclair Art Museum opened in Montclair, New Jersey, becoming the first museum in the state that granted access to the public and the first dedicated solely to art.
    Born: Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton, English historian, Regius Professor of History at Oxford University, in Glanton, England (d. 2003); James Flanagan, only Irish Roman Catholic Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary, in Derry, Ireland (d. 1999); Leo Van Paemel, Belgium artist, renowned Bruges artist, in Blankenberge, Belgium (d. 1995); Stefan Bałuk, Polish soldier, member of the Cichociemni paratroopers, in Warsaw (d. 2014)
    Died: Louis Wagner, American military officer, 9th Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic (b. 1838); Hermann, Freiherr von Soden, American-German Biblical scholar, advocate for a more Presbyterian and democratic constitution in the congregations of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces (killed in a railway accident) (b. 1852).

January 16, 1914 (Friday)

    Ion I. C. Brătianu became Prime Minister of Romania, replacing Titu Maiorescu.
    Mahatma Gandhi and Jan Smuts, South Africa's Minister of the Interior, met after a month-long impasse and reached a deal on tax relief for the country's Indian community and a repeal of a state court ruling not to recognize polygamous marriage. The success of reaching a deal after months of civil strife between the Indian community and the South African establishment earned Gandhi the title Mahatma, Sanskrit for "high-souled" or "venerable."
    The Royal Navy A7A-class submarine sank in Whitesand Bay, Cornwall with the loss of all 11 crew.
    The Altay S.K. (Altay Spor Kulübü) association football (soccer) club was established in İzmir, located in the Ottoman Empire (now Turkey). The club has held a record 15 titles in the Izmir Football League and continues playing at İzmir Alsancak Stadium.
    Born: Roger Wagner, French-born American choral musician, leader of renowned Roger Wagner Chorale, in Le Puy, France (d. 1992); Buddy Moss, American blues musician, credits as one of leading guitarists in East Coast blues, in Jewell, Georgia (d. 1984); Bertil Boo, Swedish folk singer, known as the "singing farmer" in Åsa-Nisse films produced in the 1950s, in Askersund, Sweden (d. 1996); Kay Hughes, American actress, starred mainly in westerns such as The Vigilantes Are Coming and film serials including Dick Tracy, in Los Angeles (d. 1998)
    Born: Claude Simons, Jr., American football, baseball and basketball coach for Tulane University, Louisiana from 1938 to 1949, in New Orleans (d. 1975); Arturo Basile, Italian conductor, performed with Maria Callas and other renowned opera singers, in Syracuse, Sicily (d. 1968, killed in a car accident)
    Died: Itō Sukeyuki, Japanese admiral of the Japanese Imperial Navy during the Meiji period (b. 1843); George Albertus Cox, Canadian businessman and senator, developed Canada's modern financial industry and member of the Canadian Senate from 1886 to 1914 (b. 1840); Richard Pennefather, Irish-Australian politician, 9th Attorney-General of Western Australia (b. 1851)

January 17, 1914 (Saturday)

    The SMS Szent István battleship for the Austro-Hungarian Navy was launched from the Ganz & Company's Danubius Yard in Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia). The launching was plagued with problems from the start, with neither the Emperor of Austria Franz Joseph nor Archduke Franz Ferdinand being able to attend. During the launching itself, a starboard anchor had to be dropped to prevent the ship from hitting another ship carrying spectators, but the anchor chain had not been shackled and it struck two dockworkers, killing one and crushing the arm of the other.
    The 13th annual Detroit Auto Show was held on the first three floors of the Ford branch building on Woodward and Boulevard, Detroit.
    Joseph Hammond became the first person to fly over Auckland city. He flew a Blériot monoplane (named Brittania) which had been donated to the New Zealand Government by the Imperial Air Fleet Committee, from Potter's Park (near One Tree Hill).
    Eimskip, the oldest shipping company in Iceland, is formed.
    Speed skater Oscar Mathisen of Norway achieved two world records in one day in Davos, Switzerland. He beat his own world record of 43.7 seconds in the 500 m set earlier in the month with 43.4, and skated to a new world record of 8:36.6 minutes in the 5,000 m. He would eventually complete the month with five world records in total.
    Born: Théo Lefèvre, 39th Prime Minister of Belgium from 1961 to 1965 (d. 1973); Anacleto Angelini, Italian-born Chilean businessman, chairman of the AntarChile, one of the largest conglomerates in South America, in Ferrara, Italy (d. 2007); William Stafford, American poet and pacifist, 12th United States Poet Laureate, in Hutchinson, Kansas (d. 1993)
    Born:Joe Payne, British association football player, scored a record 10 goals for Luton Town against Bristol Rovers in 1936 which remains unbroken in The Football League, in Brimington, England (d. 1975); Luis de la Fuente, Mexican association football player, Primera División de México champion in 1945 and 1949, in Veracruz, Mexico (d. 1972)
    Born: Kurt Freund, Czech-Canadian physician and sexologist best known for developing phallometry, in Chrudim, Bohemia (now the Czech Republic) (d.1996); Kurt Franz, SS officer of the Treblinka extermination camp, in Düsseldorf, Germany (d. 1998); Edward J. Lofgren, American nuclear physicist, director of the Bevatron particle accelerator, in Chicago (still alive in 2014); Paul Royle, Australian Royal Air Force pilot during World War Two, escapee from the Stalag Luft III POW camp, in Perth, Australia (d. 2015)
    Died: John Fox, U.S. Representative of New York from 1867 to 1871 (b 1835); William Henry Hines, U.S. Representative of Pennsylvania from 1883 to 1895 (b. 1856); Fernand Foureau, French explorer and colonial leader, Governor of Martinique from 1908 to 1913 (b. 1850)

January 18, 1914 (Sunday)

    Emiliano Zapata, leader of the Liberation Army of the South signed a treaty with Julián Blanco, the rebel chief in Guerrero, Mexico to unite against the federal army of president Victoriano Huerta.
    The Dublin Lock-out ended after four months of dispute between 20 0000 workers and 300 employers in Ireland's capital city. Most workers returned to their jobs, signing pledges not to unionize.
    Norwegian athlete Oscar Mathisen became the world's best speed skater of 1914, capping an incredible world-breaking month with his fifth world record in Davos, Switzerland. He broke his own record of 2:19.4 minutes in the 1,500 m with 2:17.4 minutes.
    The Prince's Ice Hockey Club of Great Britain won the 1914 Les Avants Ice Hockey Tournament held in Les Avants, Switzerland.
    A party held in honor of English poet Wilfrid Scawen Blunt at his stud farm in West Sussex brought together W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Thomas Sturge Moore, Victor Plarr, Richard Aldington, F. S. Flint and Frederic Manning.
    American industrialist F. Lewis Clark disappeared while on a business trip to Santa Barbara, California. Speculation of his disappearance included possible suicide "by jumping from a pier" in Santa Barbara, as his hat was found in the water nearby.
    Born: Arno Schmidt, German writer, author of Zettel's Dream, in Hamburg (d. 1979); Vitomil Zupan, Slovene writer, author of A Minuet for Guitar, in Ljubljana, Austria-Hungary (now Slovenia) (d. 1987); Patrick Lindsay, Irish cabinet minister and member of Fine Gael TD, in Dublin (d. 1993)

January 19, 1914 (Monday)

    The University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri established a School of Commerce, which was renamed the Robert J. Trulaske, Sr. College of Business in 2007.[79]
    British Home Championship – Ireland defeated Wales 2-1 at Racecourse Ground, Wrexham, Wales, in what became an outright championship win for Ireland after years being the underdogs in the association football competition. It was the last series played before the onset of the First World War.
    Born: Bob Gerard, British racing driver, competed in eight Formula One Grands Prix championships, in Leicester, England (d. 1990)
    Died: Georges Picquart, French general and politician, exposed the truth in the Dreyfus Affair (b. 1854); Candelaria Figueredo, Cuban patriot, fought for Cuba independence from Spain (b. 1852)

January 20, 1914 (Tuesday)

    The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, also known as the SOLAS Convention, was adopted as an international maritime safety treaty. The treaty was in part drafted and adopted in response to the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912. Elements of the convention included prescribed numbers of lifeboats and other emergency equipment along with safety procedures for commercial ships.
    Born: Prince Vsevolod Ivanovich of Russia, last male member of the Romanov family of Imperial Russia, in Saint Petersburg (d. 1973); Maurice John Dingman, American priest, served as Bishop for Roman Catholic Diocese of Des Moines from 1968 to 1986 (d. 1992); Willie Turnesa, American golfer, two time U.S. Amateur champion and British Amateur champion, in Elmsford, New York (d. 2001); Douglas Watt, American theater critic, covered Broadway for Daily News for six decades, in New York City (d. 2009)
    Died: Emil Liebling, German-American composer, served as visiting director of piano at the Frances Shimer Academy (now Shimer College), in Pless, Germany (now Pszczyna, Poland) (b. 1851); Charles Henry Parmelee, Canadian news publisher and politician, editor for the Montreal Herald and member of the Canadian House of Commons from 1896 to 1904 (b. 1855); Pat Lyons, Canadian-American baseball player, second baseman for the Cleveland Spiders (b. 1860)

January 21, 1914 (Wednesday)

    The Daily Telegraph reported that Karl Richter, a German employee with the Siemens Tokyo office, had been arrested in Germany for stealing documents indicating that Siemens had previously paid a bribe of 1,000 pounds sterling to the Japanese navy. Richter sold the incriminating documents to the Reuters news agency, along with a telegram from Siemens head office asking the Japanese navy for clarification on a deal offered by Vickers, a British firm, offering more competitive naval contracts over Siemens (which held a virtual monopoly in Japan). Richter was sentenced to two years in prison but his actions led to military intelligence investigations that uncovered many Japanese naval officers had received extensive bribes from various foreign companies.
    Canadian Arctic Expedition – A trail-breaking party of four, led by Karluk's first officer Alexander Anderson, left Shipwreck Camp with instructions from Captain Robert Bartlett to establish a camp on the north shore of Wrangel Island.
    The Jerusalem Church in Copenhagen was destroyed in a fire.
    Born: Francisco de Assis Barbosa, Brazilian writer, member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, in Guaratinguetá, Brazil (d. 1991); Anton Lembede, South African activist, founder of the African National Congress Youth League, in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (d. 1947)
    Died: Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, Scottish-Canadian governor and philanthropist, often referred to as Lord Strathcona (b. 1820); John Morgan Walden, American clergy, Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church from 1884 to 1911 (b. 1831)
    Died: Theodor Kittelsen, Norwegian painter famous of his nature and paintings based on fairy tales and legends, particularly trolls, in Kragerø, Norway (b. 1857); Edwin Ginn, American publisher and philanthropist, founder of the International School of Peace (b. 1838); Joseph Keiley, American pioneer photographer, one of the founding members of the Photo-Secession (b. 1869)

January 22, 1914 (Thursday)

    Ismail Qemali resigned as Prime Minister of Albania, the first to hold such an office created to head the Provisional Government of Albania. Fejzi Alizoti succeeded him as interim prime minister under the auspices of the International Commission of Control, in accordance to the Treaty of London.
    Twelve remaining defendants in the Barisal Conspiracy Case pleaded guilty to conspiracy to wage war against the British Crown in a Calcutta court. Originally, 44 Bengalis had been charged for plans to incite rebellion against the Raj. Five received sentences between 10 and 12 years, and the remaining five to seven years.
    The Prince's Ice Hockey Club of Great Britain continued their streak from Switzerland, winning the Cup Chamonix ice hockey tournament in Chamonix, France.
    The play The Exchange by French dramatist Paul Claudel premiered at the Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier in Paris.
    Born: Dimitris Dragatakis, Greek composer whose works incorporated tradition Greek and ancient Greece music, in Platanoussa, Greece (d. 2001); Jacques Nguyễn Văn Mầu, Vietnamese bishop to the Roman Catholic Church, in Bà Rịa, Vietnam (d. 2013); Sisowath Sirik Matak, member of the Cambodian royal family, in Phnom Penh, Cambodia (d. 1975, likely executed by the Khmer Rouge)
    Born: Ronald James McLean, New Zealand farmer and aviator turned environmental activist, in Wyndham, New Zealand (d. 1980); Lester Asheim, American library science scholar, author of the 1953 article "Not Censorship, But Selection" in Spokane, Washington (d. 1997); Allen Edward Barrow, American judge, United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma from 1962 to 1979, in Okemah, Oklahoma (d. 1979; Sam Bartram, English footballer and manager, goalkeeper for the Charlton Athletic F.C. from 1934 to 1956, in South Shields, England (d. 1981)
    Died: Frederik Rung, Danish composer, son of Henrik Rung, and conductor of the Madrigal Choir of the Caeciliaforening (St Cecilia Society) of Copenhagen (b. 1854); Mikhail Botkin, Russian artist, part of the famous Botkin family which included writer Vasily Botkin and physician Sergey Botkin (b. 1839); Charles K. Hamilton, American aviator, survived over 60 crashes (b. 1881)

January 23, 1914 (Friday)

    British shipping companies J. P. Corry & Company, Wm. Milburn & Company, Thos. B. Royden & Company and Tyser & Company amalgamated to become the Commonwealth and Dominion Line. The shipping line would be bought out by American-based Cunard Line but retained its operating independence, re-branding itself as Port Line Limited in 1937.
    The Church of England established the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich[90] and the Diocese of Sheffield in England.
    The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour - In the only stopover in Asia outside of China and Japan, British tea magnate Sir Thomas Lipton hosted the touring New York Giants and the Chicago White Sox team in Colombo, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). The two teams also played five innings for a crowd of 5,000, with the Sox beating the Giants 4-1.
    Born: Louis, Prince Napoléon, pretender to the Imperial Throne of France of the Bonaparte dynasty from 1926 to his death , in Brussels (d. 1997); Sir Thomas Barlow, 3rd Baronet, British naval officer, commanded several Royal Navy submarines during World War Two (d. 2003); Alex Tremulis, American auto designer, designed the 1948 Tucker Sedan, in Chicago (d. 1991)
    Died: George W. Johnson, American singer and pioneer African-American recording artist (b. 1850)

January 24, 1914 (Saturday)

    Danish boxer Waldemar Holberg defeated Ray Bronson over 20 rounds in Melbourne, Australia and claimed the vacant World Welterweight Championship, only to lose the title 23 days later to Ireland's Tom McCormick after a sixth round foul, also at Melbourne.
    The opera Madeleine by American composer Victor Herbert premiered at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. Herbert's second opera was not as well received as his operettas and musicals and dropped out of sight after six runs.
    Born: Thomas Andrew Donnellan, American priest, 9th bishop of the Diocese of Ogdensberg, New York from 1964 to 1968, and the second Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Atlanta, Georgia from 1968 to 1987, in New York City (d. 1987); Heinz Bretnütz, German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II, in Mannheim, Germany (d. 1941, died from wounds); Edith Hahn Beer, Austrian-Jewish Holocaust survivor, hid her faith while married to a Nazi officer during World War Two, in Vienna (d. 2009)
    Died: Sir David Gill, Scottish astronomer who patented astronomical distance and astro-photography (b. 1843); Daniel O'Connor, Irish-Australian politician, member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1877 to 1904 (b. 1844)

January 25, 1914 (Sunday)

    The U.S. Navy put the USS Montana on alert as unrest grew in the Caribbean nation of Haiti. Towns north of the capital Port-au-Prince took up arms against the administration under president Michel Oreste.
    The Engelbrekt Church in Stockholm was completed. It remains one of the largest churches in the Swedish capital.
    1914 World Figure Skating Championships — Hungarian figure skater Opika von Méray Horváth won gold in the women's competition, while skaters Ludowika and Walter Jakobsson of Finland won gold in the pairs competition.
    Born: Albrecht Achilles, German U-boat commander U-161 in World War II and a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (d. 1943, killed in action); William Strickland, American conductor, noted for his performance interpretations of American composers such as Samuel Barber and Robert Ward, in Defiance, Ohio (d. 1991)

January 26, 1914 (Monday)

    The Alter Motor Car Company of Plymouth, Michigan was formed to construct an auto manufacturing plant. The company would produce 1,000 Alter car models before going into receivership two years later.
    Belgian literary Nobel prize winner Maurice Maeterlinck's criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church, including his vocal opposition to Catholic Party anti-union stance in Belgium during a nation-wide labor dispute, motivated the Vatican to issue a decree to place his opera omnia on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, a list for literary work banned by the Church.
    The Man Upstairs, a collection of short stories by P. G. Wodehouse, were published in the United Kingdom by Methuen & Co., London.
    Percy Jones became the first Welsh boxer to hold a world title, winning triple crown in British, European and World featherweight titles, against title holder Bill Ladbury. Jones outpointed Ladbury in a 20-round onslaught to win by decision.
    Born: Princess Hadice Hayriye Ayshe Dürrühsehvar, daughter of Abdülmecid II, last Sunni Caliph of Islam of the Ottoman Empire, in Istanbul (d. 2006); Kaye Webb, British journalist and publisher, most known as editor of Puffin Books (d. 1996); Walter Stuempfig, American painter, prolific modern artist with over 1,500 original works, in Germantown, Pennsylvania (d. 1970)
    Born: Willy Simke, German Obersturmführer (First Lieutenant) in the Waffen SS and receipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II, in Belgern, Germany (d. 1964); Charles Wallace Adair, American diplomat, Ambassador to Panama from 1965 to 1969, and Uruguay from 1969 to 1972 (d. 2006)
    Died: Jane Burden, English artists' model closely associated with the Pre-Raphaelites (b. 1839); Jose Gabriel del Rosario Brochero, Argentinian priest and philanthropist, declared a saint in 2013 (b. 1840); Lyman R. Casey, U.S. Senator for North Dakota from 1889 to 1893 (b. 1837); Alexander Raff, Scottish-Australian politician, Member of the Queensland Legislative Council from 1884 to 1910 (b. 1820); Joseph M. Patterson, American politician, member of the Illinois Senate from 1872 to 1874 (b. 1837)

January 27, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Haiti president Michel Oreste abdicated and fled the country while USS Montana landed 150 Marines in Port-au-Prince to retain order. The reformist leader was pushed out by forces loyal to the landowning elite in the country.
    Born: Anna Larina, revolutionary and wife to Bolshevik leader Nikolai Bukharin, author of This I Cannot Forget, in Imperial Russia (d. 1996); Smokey Hogg, American country blues musician, author of blues hits including "Good Morning, School Girl", in Westconnie, Texas (d. 1960)
    Died: Daniel Woodley Prowse, Canadian author and politician, author of A History of Newfoundland (b. 1834)

January 28, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Beverly Hills, California was incorporated as a city.[103]
    Canadian suffragist Nellie McClung staged a mock play with fellow suffragists at the Walker Theatre in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The play ridiculed Manitoba Premier R.P. Roblin's opposition to women receiving the vote. The women acted as Members of Parliament, with McClung playing the role of Premier, and held a mock debate about whether to give men the vote. The play was a success and helped advance the cause of women's suffrage. In January 1916, Manitoba became the first Canadian province to give women the right to vote.
    The USS Potomac, a tugboat commissioned by the United States Navy, left Newport, Rhode Island to assist in rescue of fishing vessels stranded in ice off the coast of Newfoundland.
    The first Millrose Games was held in Madison Square Gardens in New York City, making it the longest running sports events ever held in the city's venue.[106]
    Died: Shelby Moore Cullom, United States Senator from Illinois from 1883 till 1913 (b. 1829); John J. McLaughlin, Canadian pharmacist, founder of Canada Dry ginger ale (b. 1865)

January 29, 1914 (Thursday)

    An estimated 1,300 civilians were massacred by "bandit" soldiers under Bai Lang - known in media as the "White Wolf" - during the looting of Liuanchow in the Nganhwei Province, China.
    The British passenger ship Euripides, renamed later as the MS Akaroa, was launched at the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast.
    U.S. President Woodrow Wilson directly wired cordial birthday wishes to Kaiser Wilhelm II, the first time the United States and Germany exchange messages using direct wireless communication.
    Pancho Villa formally confirmed he would not seek the presidency of Mexico should the revolution be successful, stating he continued to put his support behind Gen. Venustiano Carranza should the revolutionary leader ever run for president: "As proof of my loyalty and as evidence that I have no ambition to become president, I would leave the country if he ordered me to do so."
    Yone Noguchi lectured on "The Japanese Hokku Poetry" at Magdalen College, Oxford at the invitation of poet laureate, Robert Bridges.
    Born: Raymond Burnett, American football player and coach, halfback for Arkansas Tech University from 1933 to 1935, and the Chicago Cardinals in 1938, in New Hope, Arkansas (d. 1996); Robert N. Buck, American pilot, junior transcontinental air speed record in 1930, in Elizabeth, New Jersey (d. 2007)
    Died: Henry Holland, 1st Viscount Knutsford, British politician, served as Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1887 to 1892 (b. 1825)

January 30, 1914 (Friday)

    The ocean liner Monroe collided with Nantucket at 2 AM in the Atlantic Ocean 50 nautical miles (93 km) off the Delaware Capes, Virginia and sank with the loss of 41 of the 140 people on board. Survivors were rescued by Nantucket.
    An "explosion of fire-damp" in a colliery killed 22 miners and injured another 17 in Dortmund, Germany.
    Pancho Villa announced his army would be adopting more "civilized warfare," especially in relation to treating prisoners of war, after procuring a United States Army manual titled "The Ethics of International Warfare." The announcement was part of dialogue with New Mexico governor William C. McDonald who visited Villa in Chihuahua, Mexico in the aftermath of the border battle at Ojinaga.
    Russian chess master Alexander Alekhine won his first major Russian tournament, when he tied for first place with Aron Nimzowitsch in the 8th All-Russian Masters Tournament at Saint Petersburg. Afterward, they drew in a mini-match for first prize (they both won a game).
    The German operetta Endlich allein by composer Franz Lehár premiered at the Theater an der Wien.
    Born: John Ireland, Canadian actor best known of role of Cherry Valance in the Howard Hawks western Red River, in Vancouver (d. 1992); David Wayne, American actor known for film roles in Adam's Rib and How to Marry a Millionaire, in Traverse City, Michigan (d. 1995); Louis Osman, British artist, designer of the crown for Charles, Prince of Wales, in Exeter, England (d. 1996);
    Born: Elizabeth McCord, American painter, part of the hard-edge movement of the 1950s, in Dayton, Ohio (d. 2008); Hugh Joseph Addonizio, American politician, U.S. Representative of New Jersey from 1949 to 1962, and 33rd Mayor of Newark (d. 1981)
    Died: Paul Déroulède, French author and politician, author of patriotic poems such as Vive la France (b. 1846)

January 31, 1914 (Saturday)

    Nearly 10,000 federal troops were dispatched to defend Torreón, Mexico from Pancho Villa's advancing army.
    The Art Gallery of Hamilton was founded in Hamilton, Ontario.
    The first issue of Direct Action was published in Sydney, Australia.
    Born: Daya Mata, President of the Self-Realization Fellowship, in Salt Lake City (d. 2010); Jersey Joe Walcott, American boxer, 1947 world heavyweight champion, in Pennsauken, New Jersey (d. 1994); Carey Loftin, American actor and stuntman, played the unseen truck driver in Steven Spielberg's Duel, in Blountstown, Florida (d. 1997); Mel Mazzera, American baseball player, played with the St. Louis Browns and one season with the Philadelphia Phillies in Stockton, California (d. 1997)
    Born: Sam Houston Johnson, American civil servant, younger brother to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, in Johnson City, Texas (d. 1978)); Varnava Nastić, Serbian-American bishop for the Eastern Orthodox Church in Serbia, in Gary, Indiana (d. 1964, imprisoned and tortured for political criticism in Yugoslavia, canonized in 2005); Candido Amantini, Italian Catholic priest, performed exorcisms at the Scala Sancta in Rome, in Bagnolo, Santa Fiora, Italy (d. 1992); Luc-Marie Bayle, French military officer and artist, designed the crystal sword used for Jacques Cousteau's official Académie française reception in 1989, in Dunkirk, France (d. 2000)
    Died: James A. Beaver, American politician, 20th Governor of Pennsylvania (b. 1837); John Eglit, American Navy sailor, recipient of the Medal of Honor for service in the Spanish–American War (lost at sea) (b. 1874)


February 1, 1914 (Sunday)

    The Japanese Imperial Navy set up a commission to investigate allegations of the Vice Admiral and other receiving illicit commissions on foreign contracts.
    The Tanganyika Railway reached Kigoma, Tanzania.
    The Aero Club of America announced plans to sponsor an around-the-world airplane race.
    Canadian Arctic Expedition – Alistair Mackay, the expedition's medical doctor, along with three other members of the expedition crew, wrote and signed a letter dated February 1 for Karluk captain Robert Bartlett stating their desire to leave "Shipwreck Camp" - the temporary site the crew made shortly before the polar exploration ship sank in January: "We, the undersigned, in consideration of the present critical situation, desire to make an attempt to reach the land." The letter requested appropriate supplies, and concluded by emphasizing that the journey was on their own initiative and absolving Bartlett from all responsibilities.
    The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour - The tour reached Cairo, Egypt where the New York Giants and White Sox played to a tie of 3-3 after 10 innings when the game was called on account of darkness.
    The Argentinian association football Club Atlético Patronato was formed in Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
    Born: George Nissen, American gymnast and inventor of the trampoline, in Blairstown, Iowa (d. 2010); Avdo Humo, second president of the Executive Council of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Mostar, Austria-Hungary, now Bosnia and Herzegovina (d. 1983); A. K. Hangal, Indian freedom fighter 1929-1947 and character actor in Hindi language films 1966-2005, in Sialkot, India (d. 2012)
    Died: James Grant Wilson, Scottish-American publisher and author, president of the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society (b. 1832)

February 2, 1914 (Monday)

    The Union Party of the Faroe Islands retained power in following partial elections held in the southern part of the island nation, with 12 of the 20 seats in the Løgting.
    The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour - Players with the New York Giants and White Sox toured the ancient Egyptian wonders of Alexandria in their baseball uniforms before the Giants trounced the White Sox 6-3 during an exhibition game of 5,000, more than double the crowd in Cairo.
    Members of an association football club in Belém, Brazil protested against a decision of the national football federation by terminating the team and refounding it as the Paysandu Sport Club, which won three national titles in the late 1990s and 2000s.
    Charlie Chaplin made his film debut in Making a Living, where he played Edgar English, a lady-charming swindler who ran afoul with the Keystone Cops. The film was written and directed by Henry Lehrman.
    James Joyce's semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man commenced serialization in The Egoist, a new London literary magazine founded by Dora Marsden.
    The song "Too Ra Loo Ra Loo Ral", also known as "The Irish Lullaby," by Irish-American composer James Royce Shannon debuted in the Chauncey Olcott musical Shameen Dhu in New York City. The song became famous again when sung by Bing Crosby in Going My Way.
    Born: Eric Kierans, economist and politician, served as Quebec cabinet minister during the Quiet Revolution, in Montreal (d. 2004); Heiner Fleischmann, German champion motorcycle racer who ran mainly for the NSU company in the 1930s and late-1940s, in Amberg, Germany (d. 1963); Hubert Freakes, South African-born cricket and rugby player for England in 1938–39, in Durban, South Africa (d. 1942, in an air crash)
    Born: Wilhelm Balthasar, German Luftwaffe flying ace during World War Two and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Fulda, Germany (d. 1941, killed in action); Norman Barnard, American judge, known for his role in the creation and development of the city of Troy, Michigan (d. 1998)
    Died: Alfred Henry Burton, English-born New Zealand photographer, co-founder of the famous Burton Brothers photography firm in New Zealand (b. 1834); William Moberly, English cricketer and rugby player, first-class for Gloucestershire County Cricket Club and member of the England national rugby union team (b. 1850); George Albert Bazaine-Hayter, French general, member of General Staff during the Franco-Prussian War (b. 1843)

February 3, 1914 (Tuesday)

    American engineer Willis Carrier patented the design for the air conditioner.
    The British destroyer HMS Legion was launched by William Denny and Brothers and would serve in the Battle off Texel during World War I.
    The Western Province Preparatory School opened its door to 26 pupils in Cape Town, South Africa. The private boys school continues to serve students, with 457 enrolled in the school's centenary in 2014.
    The Santa Cruz Football Club was founded as a society by a group of teens who group up playing football (soccer) on the street in front of the Santa Cruz Church in Recife, Brazil. The football society was eventually accepted into the Pernambucan Sport League in 1917. The club plays regularly at the Arruda Stadium in Recife.
    Born: Etti Plesch, Austro-Hungarian noble, famous socialist and racehorse owner, in Vienna (d. 2003); Felix Kelly, New Zealand-born artist, who famously signed his cartoon and illustration work as Fix, in Auckland (d. 1994); Michel Thomas, Polish-born French linguist and Resistance fighter, patented the Michel Thomas Method for teaching languages, in Łódź, Russian Empire, now Poland ( d. 2005)
    Born: Mary Carlisle, American film actress, known for comedic roles in College Humor, in Boston (still alive in 2014); Ivan Chodák, Slovak footballer, played for football clubs in Dolný Kubín, Slovakia from 1935 to 1946, in Dolný Kubín, Slovakia (d. 1994); Ruth Inge Hardison, American sculpture, famous for her 1960s busts dubbed "Negro Giants in History", in Portsmouth, Virginia (still alive in 2015)
    Died: George D. Perkins, U.S. Representative of Iowa from 1891 to 1899 (b. 1840); George Poe, American inventor, pioneer of mechanical ventilation of asphyxiation victims (b. 1846)

February 4, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Canadian Arctic Expedition – Bjarn Mamen, who scouted for a four-man team led by the (sunken) Karluk's first officer Alexander Anderson to the north shore of Wrangel Island in the Beaufort Sea, returned to "Shipwreck Camp" and reported to Karluk captain Robert Bartlett that he had left the group a few miles short of land that was evidently not Wrangel Island, and was probably Herald Island, 38 miles (61 km) from their intended destination. Mamen was the last to see the Anderson party alive; their ultimate fate was not established until ten years later, when their remains were found on Herald Island.
    The same day of Mamen's return to Shipwreck Camp, the expedition's medical officer Alistair Mackay presented a letter to Barlett that he and three other members signed, expressing desire to leave camp and seek land. In a decision later censured by an admiralty commission as questionable leadership, Bartlett allowed Mackay and his group to leave and allocated them a sledge, a tent, and food supplies for up to 50 days.
    A staging of George A. Birmingham's comedy General John Regan at Westport Town Hall in Ireland provoked a riot.
    Cuban chess player José Raúl Capablanca won against Ossip Bernstein of Imperial Russia during an exhibition game in Moscow, the first of several noted victories against other fellow chess masters before competition at the St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament in April.
    Born: Alfred Andersch, German writer, author of The Father of a Murderer, in Munich (d. 1980); João Hogan, Portuguese painter, famous for his neo-figurative landscapes, in Lisbon (d. 1988); Catherine Taylor, English-born South African politician, shadow cabinet minister from 1971 to 1974, in Birmingham, England (d. 1992); Norm Derringer, American softball player and manager, seven-time All-Star shortstop from 1934 to 1942, manager of the Racine Belles of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, in Racine, Wisconsin (d. 1997)
    Died: Frederick Lorz, American long distance runner, cheated during the men's marathon at the 1904 Summer Olympics (b. 1884); Thomas Edward Ravenshaw, British educator, founder of Ravenshaw College in India (b. 1827); Sigmund Mogulesko, Yiddish-American actor, founder of the Rumanian Opera House in New York City (b. 1858)

February 5, 1914 (Thursday)

    Prince Abdullah I bin al-Hussein, son of Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, met with Herbert Kitchener, British Governor General of Egypt and the Sudan, in Cairo to discuss British support against potential Turkish military movement against Hejaz region in what is now present day Saudi Arabia. While Kitchener made no immediate pledges of support, talks between Britain and the Sharif continued, resulting in a firm alliance during the outbreak of the First World War and incentive for Arabia to side with the Allies.
    Canadian Arctic Expedition – Alistair Mackay and three other members expedition left "Shipwreck Camp" with a sledge fully stocked with supplies in an attempt to find land. They were last seen a few days later by Karluk ship steward Ernest Chafe and the Inuit members of the party who were on a return mission from Herald Island to check on the four-man scouting team that left for the island about two weeks earlier. Open water prevented Chafe's team from reaching the island, forcing them back and running into Mackay's party who were struggling to make headway. Despite some members showing signs of hypothermia, Mackay's group refused assistance and rejected Chafe's pleas that they return with him to Shipwreck Camp. The group was never seen alive after that although there was evidence they might have been crushed by shifting surface ice or else had fallen through.
    Adolf Hitler failed his physical exam in Salzburg and was declared unfit for military service.
    The final issue of the British weekly magazine Vanity Fair was published, after which it merged with the magazine Hearth and Home.
    Born: William S. Burroughs, American Beat Generation writer, author of Naked Lunch, in St. Louis (d. 1997); Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, British physiologist, recipient of the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, in Banbury, England (d. 1998)
    Died: William Rhodes, American football player and manager, tackle and coach for the Yale University football team (b. 1840); Henry Nathan, Jr., English-Canadian politician, first Jewish Canadian to be elected to the Canadian House of Commons from 1871 to 1874 (b. 1842)

February 6, 1914 (Friday)

    A demonstration of 32 000 farmers, organized by Conservative opponents of the Liberal government of Prime Minister of Sweden Karl Staaff, gathered in the courtyard of Stockholm Palace to demand higher defense spending that reflected growing political tension in Europe. In what became known as the Courtyard Crisis, Swedish monarch King Gustaf V declared to the demonstrators that he shared their concerns, violating Sweden's constitution for the monarchy to be non-partisan.
    The Roman Catholic Diocese of Cajazeiras was established in Brazil.
    Born: Thurl Ravenscroft, American voice actor, best known as the voice of Tony the Tiger for Kellogg's Frosted Flakes, in Norfolk, Nebraska (d. 2005)
    Died: Albert Neuhuys, Dutch painter, associated with the Hague School that flourished between 1860 and 1890 (b. 1844)

February 7, 1914 (Saturday)

    Steel work was completed on the Exposition (Civic) Auditorium, now the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco, California for the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in 1915. The auditorium was designed to accommodate up to 7,000 people for events.
    The Swedish association football club Halmstads BK is formed in Halmstad, Sweden.
    Charlie Chaplin introduced to film audiences his trademark character The Tramp in his second film, in the Keystone comedy Kid Auto Races at Venice, (although first filmed in Mabel's Strange Predicament, released two days later).
    Born: David Ignatow, American poet, president of the Poetry Society of America from 1980 to 1984, in New York City (d. 1997); George Bassman, American composer, composed movie scores for The Wizard of Oz and Ride the High Country in New York City (d. 1997)
    Died: Joseph Auguste Émile Vaudremer, French architect, recipient of the Prix de Rome (b. 1829); John Parker Hawkins, American army officer, Commissioner General of the Army of the Tennessee during the American Civil War (b. 1830)

February 8, 1914 (Sunday)

    The Armenian reform package was signed between the Ottoman Empire and Imperial Russia, which envisaged the creation of two provinces in Turkish Armenia (Western Armenia) under the supervision of two European inspector generals.
    Oreste Zamor became the 24th President of Haiti after he and his brother Charles ousted president Michel Oreste from office in January. His term would be "short and extremely chaotic," ending on October 29.
    German ballooner Hans Berliner, along with two companions, flew a record 3,053 km (1,896 statute miles) over three days in a free balloon from Bitterfeld, Germany to Perm, Russia.
    The Luxembourg national football team had its first victory, beating France 5–4 in a friendly match, for the first and only time in football history.
    The 12-minute animated film Gertie the Dinosaur by Winsor McCay was released. Considered the first animated film produced, the film featured a prehistoric animal that performed tricks under the direction of a human named McCay. The film was part of McCay's live vaudeville act, but within a month the act was halted by news publisher William Randolph Hearst since McCay's touring schedule came in conflict with his illustrating contract with one of the newspaper's Hearst owned. The animated film would be marketed later in the year by film producer William Fox.
    Born: Ashley Winlaw, English cricketer, batsman for the Bedfordshire County Cricket Club from 1935 to 1939 in London, (d. 1988)
    Died: Edward Spurway, English cricketer, batmsman for the Somerset County Cricket Club from 1885 to 1898 (b. 1863)

February 9, 1914 (Monday)

    Bernardino Machado took over as Prime Minister of Portugal after Afonso Costa.
    Lieutenant Henry B. Post of the U.S. Army Signal Corps plunged to his death in San Diego Bay after the right wing of his Wright Model C airplane crumpled, shortly after reaching a record altitude of 12,120 feet (3,694 metres).
    The New York Times reported that playwright J. M. Barrie – creator of Peter Pan – confidentially donated $50,000 (about £10,000) to polar explorer Ernest Shackleton's proposed Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition.
    The Abitibi Power and Paper Company, a Quebec forest products business, was incorporated under the Dominion Companies Act, in order to raise adequate capital for its plant and operations and to transfer its head office to Montreal.
    The Pantages Playhouse Theatre officially opened in Winnipeg as a vaudevillian theater, and would host famous guests including Harry Houdini, Laurel and Hardy and Buster Keaton. The theater was eventually purchased by the city after its last vaudeville show in 1923 where it would be home to the Royal Winnipeg Ballet until 1967. The theater was restored in recent years and continues to be a live event venue in Winnipeg.
    Born: Ernest Tubb, American country singer and songwriter, known for songs such as "Blue Christmas" and "Walking the Floor Over You", in Crisp, Texas (d. 1984); Bill Justice, American Disney animator for Fantasia, Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan, in Dayton, Ohio (d. 2011); Thanat Khoman, Thai politician, Foreign Minister from 1959 to 1971, and Deputy Prime Minister from 1980 to 1982, in Bangkok (still alive in 2014); Adalberto Ortiz, Ecuadoran writer, recipient of the Premio Eugenio Espejo for his literary work in 1995, in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador (d. 2003)
    Died: Bart van Hove, Dutch sculptor, sculpted the statue of St. Nicolas on top of the Basilica of St. Nicholas, Amsterdam (b. 1850); Jack Farrell, American baseball player, second baseman from the Providence Grays (b. 1857)

February 10, 1914 (Tuesday)

    The cabinet under Swedish Prime Minister Karl Staaf resigned in light of King Gustaf V refusing stop speaking out against the government's defense policy, even though it was in violation of Sweden's constitution: "I will not deprive myself the right to speak without restraint to the Swedish people.".
    Colombia held the first direct presidential elections since 1860, José Vicente Concha of the Colombian Conservative Party winning in a landslide against Nicolás Esguerra of the Liberal-Republican Party with 89 per cent of the vote. He would take office of the President in August.
    Ongoing large-scale demonstrations in Tokyo against the Yamamoto Gonnohyōe administration turned violent, following weeks of news coverage of major corruption in the Japanese navy coinciding with news that naval expansion had eaten up most of the budget, resulting in proposed tax increases.
    Mary Pickford's name was displayed for the first time on movie marquees above the film's title for Hearts Adrift.
    British author Thomas Hardy, then 73, married his secretary Florence Dugdale, 39 years his junior, at St Andrew's, Enfield.
    Born: Larry Adler, American musician, considered the world's most skilled harmonica player, in Baltimore, Maryland (d. 2001); Bob Lilley, British commando, founding member of the British Special Air Service, in Wolverhampton, England (d. 1981); Benjamin W. Heineman, American railroad executive, president of the Chicago and North Western Railway (CNW) (d. 2012)

February 11, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal became Maharaja (Sanskrit for "high king") for the kingdom of Sikkim (now a state in modern India), after being recognized as the reincarnation of his uncle Maharaja Sidkeong Namgyal by the abbot of Phodong Monastery.
    The British tanker SS San Wilfrido was launched by Armstrong, Whitworth & Co Ltd, Low Walker in the Low Walker Yard. The ship was operated by Eagle Oil Transport Co Ltd. and was sunk barely four months later by a German U-boat one day before Britain officially entered World War One.
    The first rail station for the Katsuyama Eiheiji Line opened in Japan. A total 23 stations were built and opened between 1914 and 1920.
    The first large power plant in the Ottoman Empire - the Silahtarağa Power Station - began generation in Istanbul. The coal-firing generation station remained in operation until 1983 when the plant was shut down. After sitting derelict for 20 years, the site was converted as a campus facility for the Istanbul Bilgi University.
    The second Sikorsky Ilya Muromets prototype took off for its first demonstration flight and set a load-to-altitude record, lifting 16 passengers aboard to 2,000 metres (6,562 ft).
    The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour - Exhibition games between the New York Giants and White Sox in Italy were cancelled due to heavy rain, allowing members from both teams - with most of them identifying themselves as Catholic - to meet with Pope Pius X.
    Born: Matt Dennis, American singer and songwriter, known for jazz standard such "Angel Eyes", in Seattle (d. 2002); Hans Hermann Junge; aide-de-camp to Adolf Hitler, Preetz, Germany (d. 1944, killed in combat in northern France); Paul MacKendrick, American academic, author of several works on Greek and Roman classics, in Taunton, Massachusetts (d. 1998); Luigi Durand de la Penne, Italian naval diver, took part in human torpedo attacks on the HMS Valiant during World War Two, in Genoa, Italy (d. 1992)
    Died: Thutob Namgyal, Sikkim monarch, ruled from 1874 to 1914 (b. 1860)

February 12, 1914 (Thursday)

    Czar Nicholas II called Ivan Goremykin back into service to again sit as Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation (a sort prime ministerial position), replacing Vladimir Kokovtsov.
    Former Kentucky Senator Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn turned the first sod at a dedication ceremony on the future site of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. "The memorial will show that (President Abraham) Lincoln is now regarded as the greatest of all Americans," Blackburn said in his speech at the ceremony, which was only attended by a small group of dignitaries.
    The silent western The Squaw Man starring Dustin Farnum and directed by Cecil B. Demille and Oscar Apfel was released. The movie would become the second-highest grossing release in 1914 at $244,700. Demille would remake the film two more times, in 1918 and finally in 1931.
    Born: Tex Beneke, American bandleader, famous for collaborations with Glenn Miller including "In the Mood", in Fort Worth, Texas (d. 2000); Martin Battersby, British theatrical set decorator, historian and art critic on Art Nouveau, in London (d. 1982)
    Died: Louis Sylvestre, Canadian politician, member of Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1871 to 1878 and from 1886 to 1889 (b. 1832); Augustus Jessopp, English cleric and writer, major contributor to The Nineteenth Century (b. 1823); Athanase Bassinet, French politician, served the senate from 1899 to 1914 (b. 1850)

February 13, 1914 (Friday)

    American composer Victor Herbert formed the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers at the Hotel Claridge in New York City to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members, which would include such musical artists as Irving Berlin, Otto Harbach, James Weldon Johnson, Jerome Kern and John Philip Sousa.
    Five men were killed in an explosion while packing explosive powder at a warehouse in Kenvil, New Jersey.
    Rancher Clemente Vergara, of Laredo, Texas, was taken into custody by Mexican federal troops on the Rio Grande river. Vergara had filed complaints to the Webb County sheriff over allegations of Mexican federal troops stealing horses he allowed to graze on the banks on either side of the river that bordered the United States with Mexico. Vergara had arranged to meet with the commanding officer of a garrison in Hidalgo, Coahuila on the Mexican side of the river to discuss the matter. His nephew, who accompanied Vergara to the meeting, witnessed five soldiers ambushing Vergara as he crossed the river on a skiff, knocking him out and carrying him away as the youth escaped.
    Born: Victor Khain, Russian geologist, academician of USSR Academy of Sciences, in Baku, Russian Empire (d. 2009)
    Died: Alphonse Bertillon, French police investigator and forensics pioneer who applied anthropometry to crime investigation (b. 1853)

February 14, 1914 (Saturday)

    More riots broke out in Tokyo over protests against tax increases, in part caused by the burgeoning naval expansion budget and major corruption allegations that resulted in the Japanese Imperial Navy dismissing several officers.
    The tugboat USS Potomac was iced in during a rescue mission for other entrapped fishing vessels off the coast of Newfoundland.
    Born: Robin Woods, British Anglican divine, Bishop of Worcester from 1970 to 1981 (d. 1997); Norman Von Nida, Australian professional golfer, winner of the 1948 British Masters, in Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia (d. 2007)
    Died: Augustus Octavius Bacon, United States Senator from Georgia from 1895 to 1914 (b. 1839)

February 15, 1914 (Sunday)

    The Uruguayan football association club Sud América was formed near Montevideo.
    Born: Kevin McCarthy, American actor, best known for leading roles in Invasion of the Body Snatchers and Death of a Salesman, in Seattle (d. 2010); Marian Korn, Czech artist, specialized in Japanese print-making, in Chomutov, Czechoslovakia (d. 1987); Arthur Levenson, American cryptographer, worked on breaking the German Enigma code, in New York City (d. 2007);
    Born: Julius H. Taylor, American physicist, head of the physics department for Morgan State University (d. 2011); Gulam Rabbani Taban, Indian poet, published major poetry works in the Urdu language under the pen name "Taban", in Kaimganj, British India (d. 1992); Jack Taylor, English footballer and manager, member of the Norwich City F.C. from 1938 to 1947, in Barnsley, England (d. 1978); Abe Anellis, Russian-American microbiologist, lead research in radiation for food treatment, in Mogilev, Russian Empire (d. 2001)
    Died: Roswell Park, founding surgeon of the Gratwick Research Laboratory, now Roswell Park Cancer Institute; operated on mortally wounded U.S. President William McKinley following his assassination (b. 1852); Juan Pedro Aladro Kastriota, Albanian noble, pretender to the throne of Albania (b. 1845)

February 16, 1914 (Monday)

    The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour - During the exhibition game in front of 5,000 spectators in Nice, France, the New York Giants led the White Sox 7-3 in the fourth inning, but a ninth inning rally helped the Sox squeak a 10-9 win over the Giants.
    Born: Jimmy Wakely, American country-western singer and actor, known for songs such as "Signed Sealed and Delivered", in Howard County, Arkansas (d. 1982); Ernest Dubac, Croatian soccer player, played for the NDH Croatian and Royal Yugoslavian national teams, in Osijek, Austria-Hungary (now Croatia) (d. 1985); Philip Bagwell, British historian, author of the official history of the National Union of Railwaymen, published in two volumes in 1963 and 1982, in Ventnor, Isle of Wight (d. 2006)
    Died: Princess Maria Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg, eldest daughter of Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg and his wife Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1841); Aoki Shūzō, Japanese diplomat, served as Foreign Minister in Meiji period Japan (b. 1844); George Phillippo, Jamaican-British civil servant, 4th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong from 1882 to 1888 (b. 1833); Theodore Low De Vinne, American printer and author on typography (b. 1828)

February 17, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Karl Staaff stepped down as Prime Minister of Sweden in protest after Sweden's sitting monarch King Gustaf V publicly denounced the Staaff administration's defense policies during a peasant armament support march at the Royal castle's court in Stockholm, in what became known as the Courtyard Crisis. The King's public remarks violated Sweden's constitution where the monarchy was not to interfere with politics. Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, county governor of Uppsala, look over as head of non-parliamentarian government.
    The American barquentine W.H. Dimond ran aground on Bird Island, Alaska while carrying general cargo from San Francisco to Unga Island for Alaska Codfish Co.
    The first smørrebrød shop opened in Copenhagen.
    Born: René Vietto, French cyclist, 1934 Tour de France champion, in Le Cannet, France (d. 1988); Arthur Kennedy, American actor, known for being part of the original casts for most of Arthur Miller's plays, in Worcester, Massachusetts (d. 1990); Armin K.W. Kutzsche, German physician, leading researcher in medical microbiology, and antibacterial agents, in Frankfurt (d. 1995)

February 18, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Pancho Villa insured his life for $500,000 as a favor of his wife ahead of his plans to lay siege to Torreón.
    Born: Jan Nisar Akhtar, Indian poet of Urdu, member of the Progressive Writers' Movement, in Gwalior, India (d. 1976); Pee Wee King, country musician, best known for co-writing "The Tennessee Waltz", in Abrams, Wisconsin (d. 2000); Ferdinand J. Chesarek, American army general, commanding officer for artillery divisions in World War Two and the Korean War, in Calumet, Michigan (d. 1993)
    Died: Fanny Stevenson, wife to novelist Robert Louis Stevenson (b. 1840)

February 19, 1914 (Thursday)

    Torrential rain in Southern California caused massive flooding in seven counties, killing two people and causing damages estimated between $500,000 to $1 million US.
    Canadian Arctic Expedition – Robert Bartlett, captain of the sunken polar exploration ship Karluk, completed plans to disband "Shipwreck Camp" that sat on ice floes in the Beaufort Sea and move the remaining expedition crew to Wrangel Island 40 miles (64 km) west. Bartlett had sent out scouts to blaze a trail, set up supply depots along the way, and prepare a camp site on the island for his team, many of whom were inexperienced with ice travel.
    The Times Literary Supplement was published separately for the first time (in London).
    The opera Francesca da Rimini by Italian composer Riccardo Zandonai premiered at the Teatro Regio in Turin, Italy.[73]
    Born: Jacques Dufilho, French comedian and actor, recipient of the 1977 César Award for Best Supporting Actor in Le Crabe-tambour, in Bègles, France (d. 2005); Harold Thomas, Welsh rugby player, played Lock for Wales from 1935 to 1946, in Neath, Wales (d. 1989); Cyril Aldred, British historian and writer, author of several best-selling volumes on ancient Egypt, in London (d. 1991);
    Died: J. Batty Langley, British politician, Member of Parliament from 1894 to 1909 (b. 1834)

February 20, 1914 (Friday)

    British rancher William S. Benton, who owned land in Chihuahua under control of Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa, was reported executed by firing squad in Juarez following a court martial where he was convicted of making an attempt on the revolutionary leader's life. However, friends and acquaintances of Benton claimed he had never taken sides in the Mexican Revolution nor had any motivation to harm Villa.
    German socialist activist Rosa Luxemburg stood on trial at the Frankfurt Criminal Court on charges of encouraging public disobedience stemming from anti-war speeches she made across Germany. During the trial, Luxemburg declared, "When, as I say, the majority of people come to the conclusion that wars are nothing but a barbaric, unsocial, reactionary phenomenon, entirely against the interests of the people, then wars will have become impossible." She was sentenced to one year in prison, which she served during the second year of World War I.
    James William Humphrys Scotland made the first substantial cross-country flight in New Zealand. He flew from Invercargill to Gore, a distance of 61 kilometres (38 mi), in 40 minutes in a Caudron biplane. He continued on to Dunedin, Timaru and Christchurch where he arrived on 6 March.
    The Fethard-on-Sea life-boat capsized on service off the County Wexford coast: nine crew were lost.
    The Norwegian sports club SK Rollon was formed in Ålesund, Norway, and remains the oldest sports club in the city to offer association football.
    Born: Peter Rogers, British film producer, producer of the Carry On series, in Rochester, Kent, England (d. 2009); Arnold Denker, American Grandmaster chess player, U.S. Chess Champion in 1945 and 1946, in New York City (d. 2005); Kamil Ocak, Turkish politician, served as Turkey's minister of state from 1965 to 1969, in Gaziantep, Ottoman Empire (d. 1969); Joey Archibald, American boxer, world featherweight champion in 1938 to 1941, in Providence, Rhode Island (d. 1998)
    Died: Federico Degetau, first Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico from 1901 to 1905 (b. 1862)

February 21, 1914 (Saturday)

    Czar Nicholas II concluded a special conference of military and other advisers to discuss the possibility of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles straits being forced open to allow the Russian Imperial Navy to leave the Black Sea if needed during military conflict, contrary to the Treaty of Berlin in 1878 that banned Russia from sending warships through the Dardanelles, even in times of peace.
    German Imperial Navy battleship SMS Kronprinz was launched in Kiel, Germany. It would serve all of World War I before it was scuttled in 1919 in Scapa Flow along with other German navy vessels.
    Bai Lang Rebellion: Rebel troops under command of Bai Lang, known as the "White Wolf" attacked Zhanjiang, China.
    While imprisoned in Calton Jail, Edinburgh for attempted fire-raising, suffragette Ethel Moorhead became the first in Scotland to suffer force-feeding while on hunger strike; she was released four days on health grounds.
    Born: Park Su-geun, Korean painter, known for painting works such as Spring is Gone, in Yanggu County, Gangwon, Korea (now South Korea) (d. 1965); Mustafa Amin, Egyptian journalist, considered one of the fathers of Arab journalism, in Cairo (d. 1997); Theo Allen, New Zealand middle-distance runner for the 1938 British Empire Games, in Dunedin, New Zealand (d. 2003)

February 22, 1914 (Sunday)

    Executive Officer Lieutenant Hilario Rodríguez Malpica and three other officers lead a mutiny on the Mexican Navy gunboat Tampico while it was refitting for a cruise off Guaymas, Mexico. The mutinous crew arrested Captain Manuel Azueta, who was informed the Tampico would set sail to join up with rebel forces in the region. A nearby gunboat tried to intercept the Tampico but Malpica order his ship to steam straight at the opposing vessel, hoping to ram and sink her. Unfortunately, the gunboat's steering gear malfunctioned and Tampico was forced to turn and head to Topolobampo, where Azueta was transferred to a merchant vessel.
    Arctic explorer Robert E. Peary was awarded honorary membership to the Geographical Society of St. Gall in Switzerland for his accomplishments in polar exploration.
    Swedish figure skater Gösta Sandahl won gold in the men's competition at the 1914 World Figure Skating Championships.
    Born: Renato Dulbecco, Italian-born virologist, recipient of the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, in Catanzaro, Italy (d. 2012); Karl Otto Götz, German painter, part of the Tachisme abstract painters of the 1940s and 1950s, in Aachen, Germany (still alive as of 2014); Henry Reed, English poet, author of the poem collection A Map of Verona in Birmingham, England (d. 1986)
    Born: Otello Toso, Italian actor, known for roles including Death of a Cyclist, in Padua, Italy (d. 1952); William A. Brockett, American naval officer and engineer, President of the Webb Institute of Naval Architecture from 1966 to 1974 (d. 1984); Devakanta Barua, Indian politician, served as President of the Indian National Congress during the Emergency (1975–77) (d. 1996)
    Died: Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne, Welsh industrialist and lord (b. 1835); Thillaiaadi Valliammai, South African Tamil anti-apartheid activist who worked with Mahatma Gandhi (b. 1898); Mariano Trías, Filipino politician, first Vice President of the Philippines (b. 1868)

February 23, 1914 (Monday)

    Parliamentary elections were held in Bulgaria, with the Liberal Concentration, an alliance of the Liberal Party, the People's Liberal Party and the Young Liberals Party, winning 126 of the 245 parliament seats.
    Mexican revolutionary leader Pancho Villa told news media that his alleged altercation with British rancher William S. Benton was not fatal. Villa said Benton had quarreled with him in his private quarters in Juarez then reached for what Villa alleged was a pistol in his hip pocket. Villa said he had thrust his own pistol into Benton's belly but did not fire his weapon, instead turning the man over to his guards. The official report maintained Benton was tried by court-martial and executed for making an attempt on Villa's life.
    The British light cruiser HMS Cordelia was launched at Pembroke Dockyard and would serve in World War I and the Irish Civil War.
    The opera Cléopâtre by the late Jules Massenet premiered at the Opéra de Monte-Carlo in Monaco, two years after the French composer's death.
    Born: Theo Middelkamp, Dutch cyclist, 1947 world road race champion, in Nieuw-Namen, Netherlands (d. 2005); Sheila Galvin, Irish Fianna Fáil TD, elected in 1964 (d. 1983); Karl-Heinz Prinz, German Sturmbannführer (Major) in the Waffen-SS during World War II, who was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (d. 1944, killed in action)
    Died: Henry M. Teller, United States Senator from Colorado from 1876 till 1882 and from 1885 till 1909 (born 1830); Thomas McCarthy Fennell, Fenian political prisoner transported to Western Australia (b. 1841); Alexander Alexanderovich Lieven, Russian naval officer, vice-admiral for the Russian Imperial Navy (b. 1860)

February 24, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Mexican revolutionary leader Pancho Villa refused to deliver the body of British rancher William S. Benton to U.S. and British authorities, who had been killed in Juarez while in Villa's custody, but would allow relatives to visit the burial site under escort. Speculation ran that Villa shot Benton during a scuffle and was refusing to exhume the body as it would reveal forensic evidence connecting Benton's death to him.
    Ulster Unionist Party leader Edward Carson distributed posters throughout Ulster, Ireland to address public concerns about the Ulster Volunteer Force, a unionist militia formed in January, 1913 by the party based in the Ulster province to help the region resist Home Rule in Dublin: "Our quarrel is with the Government alone, and we desire that the Religious and Political views of our opponents should be everywhere respected."
    Canadian Arctic Expedition – Captain Robert Bartlett led the last survivors from "Shipwreck Camp" to Wrangel Island, leaving a note of the party's location in a copper drum in case the campsite drifted into an inhabited area. Unknown that the ship had sunk, famed polar explorer Robert E. Peary speculated to The New York Times that the Karluk had set up a winter camp near the Alaskan Arctic coastline.
    Born: Zachary Scott, American actor, best known for film roles such as Mildred Pierce, in Austin, Texas (d. 1965); Weldon Kees, American writer, author of collected works including Fall Quarter, in Beatrice, Nebraska (missing and presumed dead 1955); Ralph Erskine, British-born architect who primarily worked in Sweden; best known for The London Ark, in London (d. 2005); Irwin Abrams, history professor of Antioch College, author of The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates, considered the authoritative reference work to the Nobel Prize, in San Francisco (d. 2010); Helmut Haugk; German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II, in Gelsenkirchen, Germany (d. 1992)
    Died: Joshua Chamberlain, American Civil War general, awarded Medal of Honor for his command at Gettysburg (b. 1828); Alexander Dodonov, Russian opera singer, soloist for the Bolshoi Theatre from 1869 to 1891 (b. 1837); Thomas Lewis Morton, English-Canadian politician, member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1888 to 1903 (b. 1846); Francis I. McKenna, American real estate and land developer, major civic developer and advocate for Portland, Oregon (b. 1859)

February 25, 1914 (Wednesday)

    The British destroyer HMS Lance was launched from shipyards owned by John I. Thornycroft & Company in Woolston, Southampton, England.
    The White House Correspondents' Association was founded by journalists in response to an unfounded rumor that a Congressional committee would select which journalists could attend press conferences of President Woodrow Wilson.
    Investigations by Texas state officials confirmed rancher Clemente Vergara was dead, with witnesses reporting he had been hanged by Mexican soldiers in Hidalgo, Coahuila as early as February 15. Vergara was missing since his wife and daughter found him injured from a beating in Mexican community's garrison on February 14. It took several more weeks before his body was recovered and transported stateside to family in Laredo, Texas.
    An annular solar eclipse covered most the Antarctic and could be observed in New Zealand.
    Born: Frank Bonham, American writer of westerns and young adult novels (d. 1988); John Arlott, English poet and cricket commentator for BBC's Test Match Special, author Of Period and Place, in Basingstoke, England (d. 1991); James Cameron, American civil rights activist, founder of the America's Black Holocaust Museum, in La Crosse, Wisconsin (d. 2006); Alan Marre, British civil servant, first Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman of England (d. 1990)
    Died: Sir John Tenniel, English illustrator associated with Lewis Carroll (b. 1820); Henry Goodridge, Canadian politician, first settler to Stony Plain, Alberta, served as alderman to Edmonton Town Council from 1899 to 1902 (b. 1849)

February 26, 1914 (Thursday)

    Texas Governor Oscar Branch Colquitt implied in a telegram to U.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan Texas Rangers on the U.S.-Mexico border could cross and retrieve the body of Texas rancher Clemente Vergara, who had been reportedly hanged (later confirmed shot) by Mexican federal soldiers on February 15. The U.S. government responded such an act would constitute an act of war and refused the governor's request.
    The ocean liner that would become HMHS Britannic, sister to the RMS Titanic, was launched at the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast.
    The British destroyer HMS Lydiard was launched at the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company. The naval ship would later be credited with torpedoing the German light cruiser SMS Mainz at the Battle of Heligoland Bight during the first month of World War I.
    The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour - At the 46th and final game between the globetrotting New York Giants and the White Sox in London, a record 20,000 to 35,000 spectators attended (based on word King George V was attending) and witnessed the White Sox slaying the Giants 5-4 in 11 innings. Since the start of the tour in October back in the United States, the Giants and White Sox played 46 games, with the White Sox winning 24, the Giants winning 20, with only two games ending in ties.
    Sixteen passengers and a pilot flew 18 minutes on an "omnibus" developed by aviation engineer Igor Sikorsky in St. Petersburg. The aeroplane had an enclosed, lighted and heated cabin for passengers' comfort.
    Born: Robert Alda, American actor, father to Alan Alda, known for playing George Gershwin in Rhapsody in Blue, in New York City (d. 1986); William Stratton, American politician, 32nd Governor of Illinois, in Ingleside, Illinois (d. 2001)
    Died: Zhao Bingjun, 3rd Premier of the Republic of China (assassinated) (b. 1859); Pierre Souvestre, French journalist, co-created with Marcel Allain of the fictional arch-villain and master criminal Fantômas (b. 1874)

February 27, 1914 (Friday)

    Mexican president Victoriano Huerta promised to investigate the death of Texan rancher Clemente Vergara while in custody at a federal garrison near Hidalgo, Mexico, following public pressured by U.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan. At the same time, Jennings said the State department would not entertain the idea of permitting Texas Rangers to cross the border into Mexico to arrest suspected federal soldiers who allegedly shot Vergara on February 15, despite an request by Texas governor Oscar Branch Colquitt (who retracted in a statement to press the same day).
    Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition – Former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt and Brazilian explorer Cândido Rondon and their expedition team reached Caceres, Brazil to begin exploration of the Rio da Dúvida (River of Doubt), a 400-mile (640 km) river that winded deep into the Amazon rainforest, then unseen by non-indigenous peoples. The 58-day expedition would prove grueling for all participants, resulting in three deaths before the team reached the mouth of the river in late April.
    Italian racer Ralph DePalma won the 9th Vanderbilt Cup at Santa Monica, California driving a Mercedes GP.
    Bohemia beat host country Germany 2-0 in the 1914 Ice Hockey European Championship in Berlin to win the three-day European hockey championship, with Czech player Jaroslav Jirkovský scoring the most goals (7) in the tournament.
    The comedic operetta Szibill by Hungarian composer Victor Jacobi debuted at the Király Színház (King's Theatre) in Budapest
    Born: Georg Eberhardt, Sturmbannführer (Major) in the Waffen-SS during World War II who was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Bad Frankenhausen, Germany (d. 1943, killed in action)
    Died: John W. Barlow, American army engineer, served on the Battalion of Engineers at Gettysburg and as engineer of an army corps in the siege of Atlanta during the American Civil War (b. 1838)

February 28, 1914 (Saturday)

    A declaration of independence for the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus was proclaimed by ethnic Greeks in Northern Epirus.
    Bandit soldiers associated with Bai Yung-chang, commonly referred to as Bai Lang or the "White Wolf" in the press, eluded soldiers under command of General Taun Chi-Jui following a defeat at the Honan-Anhui border in China.
    An "official" report released by the British government reported there was sufficient forensic evidence to conclude British rancher William S. Benton had been shot and killed in Pancho Villa's office and not in front of a firing squad as originally stated.
    Canadian Arctic Expedition – All ice-trekking groups from the shipwrecked Karluk polar ship rendezvoused on the open ice for a 130 km (80 miles) march to Wrangel Island, located in the Arctic Ocean. High ridges of ice measuring 25 to 100 feet (7.6 to 30.5 m) in height halted their progress. Three members returned to Shipwreck Camp to pick up more supplies while the rest chopped and cut a pathway through the towering ridges. When both groups reunited a week later, the path had only advanced forward by three miles (5 km). However, the worst of the ridges were behind them and the group was able to reach land by March.
    Construction began on Tower of Jewels for the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco, California. The combination triumphal arch-and-tower would eventually stand 435 feet (132.59 m) tall, and be covered with more than 100,000 cut glass pieces that would sparkle in the sunlight, giving its signature name.
    American racer Eddie Pullen won the 5th American Grand Prize at Santa Monica, California with over 648.934 km (13.519 km x 48 laps) completed in 5 hours, 13 minutes, 30 seconds while driving a Mercer 35-R.
    The German football association club VfB Wissen was formed in Wissen, Germany.
    Born: Élie Bayol, French racing driver for O.S.C.A. and Gordini teams from 1952 to 1956, in Marseille (d. 1995); Mirosław Iringh, Polish military officer, participated in the Warsaw Uprising during World War Two, in Warsaw (d. 1985); Richard A. Dier, American federal judge, United States District Court for the District of Nebraska from 1971 to 1972 (d. 1972)
    Died: Ann Boyce, founding mother of New Zealand (b. 1827); Sebhat Aregawi, Ras of Ethiopia from 1892 to 1914 (assassinated) (date of birth unknown)


March 1, 1914 (Sunday)

    Venceslau Brás of the Mineiro Republican Party won by a landslide over Rui Barbosa of the Liberal Republican Party in the presidential election for Brazil, securing over 90 per cent of the vote. He would officially take office of the President in November.
    Venustiano Carranza, leader of the Mexican Constitutionalist Army, halted continued public inquiry into the death of British rancher William S. Benton (allegedly shot and killed in Pancho Villa's office), citing any further investigations into Benton's death should be made through him and not through Villa.
    The Republic of China joined the Universal Postal Union.
    The first issue of The Little Review, edited by Margaret Caroline Anderson, was released, with Anderson calling for a new form of criticism for art in the first issue's editorial: “[C]riticism as an art has not flourished in this country. We live too swiftly to have time to be appreciative; and criticism, after all, has only one synonym: appreciation”.
    The SC Schiltigheim football association club was formed as the Sports-Abteilung des Evangelischen Jugendbundes Schiltigheim in Schiltigheim, Alsace when the region was still part of Germany. When Alsace became part of France in 1919, the club was renamed Sporting Club de Schiltigheim.
    The German association football club TuS Mechtersheim was formed in Mechtersheim, Germany (now the municipality of Römerberg).
    Born: Harry Caray, American baseball broadcaster, who covered the St. Louis Cardinals, Oakland Athletics, Chicago White Sox, and Chicago Cubs, in St. Louis (d. 1998); Ralph Ellison, American writer, author of Invisible Man and Shadow and Act, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (d. 1994)
    Died: Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto, 8th Governor General of Canada (b.1845)

March 2, 1914 (Monday)

    Around a dozen people perished in a brutal blizzard that struck Pennsylvania, New York City and Long Island. Heavy snow cut off crucial services in Scranton, Pennsylvania and stranded 3,000 parishioners overnight at an evangelical event. Blinding snow halted trains to Brooklyn, in one case stranding 200 passengers overnight at a Long Island train station.
    The Swedish sports club Enköpings SK, which encompasses association football and ice hockey, was formed in Enköping, Sweden.
    Born: Mayo Kaan, American bodybuilder, claimed to the physical inspiration of Superman (d. 2002); Hansi Knoteck, Austrian actress, known for roles in The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes, in Vienna (d. 2014); Martin Ritt, American director of Hud and Norma Rae, in New York City (d. 1990);
    Died: Mohi Turei, Ngāti Porou leader in New Zealand (b. 1830)

March 3, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Sixteen people in Madagascar were killed after a cyclone created a "tidal wave" that smashed settlements on the northwest region of the island.
    The Roman Catholic Diocese of El Paso was established, covering nearly 65,000 square miles (170,000 km2) in West Texas and southern New Mexico.
    The English cricket team won the Test series in 4-0 with one match drawn in South Africa.
    Born: Asger Jorn, Danish painter and sculpture, founding member of the avant-garde movement COBRA and the Situationist International, in Vejrum, Denmark (d. 1973); Charlotte Henry, American actress, best known for lead roles in Alice in Wonderland and Babes in Toyland, in New York City (d. 1980); Puttaraj Gawai, Indian musician who performed Hindustani classical music, in Gadag-Betageri, India (d. 2010)

March 4, 1914 (Wednesday)

    First Battle of Topolobampo – Mexican naval gunboats Guerrero and Morelos clashed with the mutinous Tampico in a bay near Topolobampo, Mexico. Remarkably, despite rounds discharged from all three ships' 4-inch guns, neither side hit their targets. Tampico was able to escape both ships by entering the Topolobampo harbor.
    The railway line between Marsala and Frankfort, South Africa opened.
    A British-American commission into the death of rancher William S. Benton formally dissolved, citing any opportunity to exhume and examine the body had disappeared. The group did not express confidence in the three-man commission set up by Mexican rebel leader Venustiano Carranza to investigate Benton's death, allegedly shot by Pancho Villa, since the northern Mexican rebel leader has put his support behind Carranza.
    The first issue of New Numbers (dated February) was issued, a quarterly collection of work by the Dymock poets in England edited by Lascelles Abercrombie. The literary magazine only lasted a year but featured work from renowned poets as Abercrombie, Robert Frost, Rupert Brooke, Edward Thomas, Wilfrid Wilson Gibson, and John Drinkwater.
    The Bondebladet newspaper was formed for farmers and rural residents in Voss and Bergen, Norway, before becoming a regional paper in 1921. The paper folded in 1935.
    Born: Ward Kimball, American cartoonist, one of Walt Disney's Nine Old Men, in Minneapolis (d. 2002); Robert R. Wilson, American physicist, member of the Manhattan Project, in Frontier, Wyoming (d. 2000); Adam Muszka, Jewish-Polish artist and Holocaust survivor, prominent artist at the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw, in Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland (d. 2005)
    Died: William Hamilton, Irish cricketer, played for the Ireland cricket team from 1883 to 1896 (b. 1859)

March 5, 1914 (Thursday)

    U.S. President Woodrow Wilson appealed before U.S. Congress to repeal the exemption for American ships from paying tolls when using the Panama Canal.
    An avalanche killed 17 soldiers with the Austria-Hungary Empire during maneuvers on Ortler, the highest mountain in the Eastern Alps.
    The HVK Gusar Split rowing club was formed in Split, Croatia, eventually becoming arguably one of the best rowing clubs with members winning numerous Olympic and World Championship medals.
    Born: He Zehui, Chinese nuclear physicist, key pioneer in nuclear physics research and arms development for The People's Republic of China, in Suzhou, China (d. 2011)

March 6, 1914 (Friday)

    James William Humphrys Scotland, the second New Zealander to gain a pilot's license in England, completed the cross-country flight in New Zealand in a Caudron biplane.
    The professional Serbian football club FK Vojvodina was founded in Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia by a group of students of the Serbian Orthodox high school. The club was formed in secrecy due to a ban by Austro-Hungarian authorities on larger organized gatherings of juveniles in the Vojvodina region. The club went on to become one of the most successful football clubs in the former Yugoslavia and Serbia.
    The recently formed sports club Halmstads BK was allowed membership to Riksidrottsförbundet, the Swedish Sports Confederation.
    The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour — Thousands of baseball fans greeted the New York Giants and the Chicago White Sox as both professional baseball teams arrived on the RMS Lusitania, officially ending its five-month international sports demonstration tour.
    Born: Kiril Kondrashin, Russian conductor, artistic director of the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra from 1960 to 1975 before defecting, in Moscow (d. 1981); Harold Alfond, American businessman, founder of the Dexter Shoe Company, in Swampscott, Massachusetts (d. 2007)
    Died: George Washington Vanderbilt II, American businessman, steamboat and railroad baron (b. 1862); Harry M. Clabaugh, American federal judge, served on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia from 1899 to 1914 (b. 1856)

March 7, 1914 (Saturday)

    Prince William of Wied arrived in Albania to begin what was ultimately to be a six-month reign of the Balkan country.
    The body of Texas rancher Clemente Vergara was finally recovered in Mexico and delivered to his relatives in Laredo, Texas. Vergara was last seen alive on February 13 as he was taken in custody by Mexican federal troops and held at a garrison in Hidalgo, Coahuila, Mexico. An autopsy on the body confirmed Vergara was shot twice in the head and in the neck, and his skull was crushed, likely from a rifle butt. Conflicting reports about how the body was recovered made headlines across the United States. The New York Times initially reported Texas Rangers had crossed the border and retrieved the body from a shallow grave in the Hidalgo cemetery, but uncovered later sources maintaining the body had been found by the bank of the Rio Grande after the Vergara family had paid for its recovery.
    The American edition of Henry James' autobiography Notes of a Son and Brother was published in hard copy by Charles Scribner's Sons in New York City.
    Born: Dame Doreen Blumhardt, New Zealand artist, head of the Art Department of Wellington College of Education, in Whangarei, New Zealand (d. 2009)
    Died: George William Ross, educator, politician and 5th Premier of Ontario (b.1841)

March 8, 1914 (Sunday)

    Spain held general elections to the Cortes Generales, with all 408 seats in the Congress of Deputies in competition. Under the customary system of Turno Pacifico, a long-standing power-sharing arrangement, the elections served as a rubber stamp for a routine handover of power initiated by the King of Spain. As expected, election results sanctioned the prearranged handover from the Liberals to the Conservatives.
    The first edition of Workers' Dreadnought appeared on the fifth annual International Women's Day as Women's Dreadnought, with a circulation of 30 000. The paper was started by women's suffrage leader Sylvia Pankhurst and her contemporaries Mary Patterson and Zelie Emerson on behalf of the East London Federation of Suffragettes. The newspaper was be renamed Workers in 1917 as the official weekly organ of the Communist Party, with Pankhurst continuing as editor until 1924.
    The Russian women's journal Rabotnitsa (The Woman Worker) was published on the fifth annual International Women's Day and remains one of the longest running and most politically left of the women's periodicals.[33]
    The London Group held their first exhibition at the Goupil Gallery.
    Pioneering film company Biograph premiered their first feature film Judith of Bethulia, starring starring Blanche Sweet in the title role and Henry B. Walthall, and produced and directed by D. W. Griffith. Based on the biblical Book of Judith, the film featured famous movie actress siblings Lillian and Dorothy Gish in supporting roles and a controversial orgy scene.
    Badminton player Guy Sautter, under the alias of U N Lappin, successfully defended his title in the men's singles at the 1914 All England Badminton Championships, beating Frank Chesterton 15-4 and 15-10 in the final.
    Born: Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, Russian physicist, key developer of Soviet nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, in Minsk (d. 1987)

March 9, 1914 (Monday)

    Jesús Salgado, under orders by Emiliano Zapata, surrounded Chilpancingo, the capital of Guerrero, Mexico with an armed force of 5,000 men.
    British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith proposed to allow the Ulster counties to hold a vote on whether or not to join a Home Rule parliament in Dublin.
    A fire at the Missouri Athletic Club in St. Louis killed 30 people. The fire started in the lower levels of the seven-storey building, forcing guests to the upper floors, where many escaped using red-hot fire escapes or jumping, causing many injuries and two deaths.
    Chilean pilot Alejandro Bello disappeared while flying a Sánchez-Besa biplane over the central region of Chile as part of a flight exam for military service. Search and rescue could not locate any wreckage in the area, leading to theories he may have crashed while over the sea. Search expeditions as recent as 1988 have failed to turn up any evidence of a plane crash (In 2007, metal fragments belonging to an aircraft were found in the hills near Cuncumén, but could not be conclusively matched to the aircraft Bello flew when he disappeared). His disappearance became a popular topic in South American popular fiction.
    Wyndham Lewis and other fellow artists from the Omega Workshops opened the rival Rebel Art Centre to the London public in what became a four-month run.
    Born: Piet Esser, Dutch sculptor, part of the Dutch Figurative abstraction group, in Baarn, Netherlands (d. 2004)

March 10, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Suffragette Mary Richardson used a meat chopper to deface the Velázquez' painting Rokeby Venus on display in the National Gallery in London to protest the imprisonment of Emmeline Pankhurst, chief founder of the Women's Social and Political Union in Great Britain.
    Koopmans-de Wet House, an historic 18th-century house in Cape Town, South Africa, officially opened as a museum. The house museum would be declared a national monument in 1940.
    Born: Michael Torrens-Spence, held commissions in the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm, the Royal Air Force, the British Army, Ulster Special Constabulary and Ulster Defence Regiment, in Whiteabbey, Ireland (d. 2001); Edgar R. Bassett, American fighter pilot for the U.S. Navy, recipient of the Navy Cross, in Philadelphia (d. 1942, killed in the Battle of the Coral Sea)

March 11, 1914 (Wednesday)

    A reported force of 400 to 500 "brigands" ransacked Laohekou, Hubei, China, stealing 700 rifles, several field guns, and ammunition. The militia looted and burned several public buildings, shot and killed a Norwegian missionary and wounded several others before leaving the city.
    Born: Dan Riddiford, New Zealand politician, parliamentarian for the National Party from 1960 to 1972, in Featherston, New Zealand (d. 1974)
    Died: John Mackay, Australian explorer, founder of the city of Mackay, Queensland in Australia (date of birth unknown)

March 12, 1914 (Thursday)

    Survivors of the Karluk shipwreck in the Arctic reached Wrangel Island where most would remain until rescue in August. In a correspondence to a friend from Dawson City, Yukon, expedition leader Vilhjalmur Stefansson, who had been separated from the ship back in September, speculated the Karluk was still intact and would drift in the ice to the north pole, "if she escapes being crushed by ice."
    The Central Uruguay Railway Cricket Club in Montevideo changed its name to Club Atlético Peñarol to reflect its shift from cricket to association football.
    A partial lunar eclipse was observed in most of the Western Hemisphere.
    Born: Julia Lennon, mother to Beatles star John Lennon, in Liverpool (d. 1958)
    Died: George Westinghouse, American entrepreneur, inventor of the railway air brake (b. 1846)

March 13, 1914 (Friday)

    An Italian military column repelled an attack of 2,000 Arab tribesmen near Tripoli, killing 263 attackers while losing 42 soldiers and two officers, with another 100 wounded.
    Second Battle of Topolobampo — The rebel gunboat Tampico clashed with Mexican naval gunboats Guerrero and Morelos as the renegade vessel attempted to break out Topolobampo harbor. Tampico initially concentrated most of its fire on Morelos but was in danger of hitting the US naval cruiser USS New Orleans that was observing nearby. Tampico started firing on Guerrero instead before retreating back into the harbor safely.
    Fourteen people were killed in a railway accident at the Exeter railway station in New South Wales, Australia.
    British judge Thomas Warrington ruled in the Barron v Potter case that in the event of a deadlock with the board of directors, power reverted to the general meeting. The ruling in the case still stands as precedence for the balance of the power between the board and general meeting.
    The British edition of Henry James' autobiography Notes of a Son and Brother was published in hard copy by Macmillan and Co. in London.
    Born: Saroj Dutta, Indian Communist Leader, active in the extremist Naxalite movement in West Bengal in the 1960s, in East Bengal, India (d. 1971); Edward "Butch" O'Hare, decorated American World War Two pilot, in St. Louis (missing in action in 1943, presumed dead); W. O. Mitchell, Canadian writer and broadcaster, author of Who Has Seen the Wind, in Weyburn, Saskatchewan (d.1998)

March 14, 1914 (Saturday)

    An estimated 1,000 people in half a dozen Russian villages were drowned from flooding caused by water spouts on Sea of Azov creating high waves that traveled far inland. Casualties also included 128 railway workers who drowned after a wave hit their work camp. The violent storm also caused a dam to burst and flood the nearby city of Temyryuk.
    A magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck Akita Prefecture, Honshu, Japan, killing 94 people and destroying 640 homes.
    Ireland and Scotland tied 1-1 in the British Home Championships in Belfast, paving Ireland's way to winning the international football championships later in 1914.
    The Italian football association club Foot-Ball Club Entella, named after the river that flowed through Chiavari, Italy, was formed. The club went bankrupt in 2001 and re-formed as Unione Sportiva Valle Sturla Entella before it was renamed in its present form Virtus Entella in 2010.
    Born: Abdias do Nascimento, Brazilian actor, artist and politician, member of "Santa Irmandad Orquidea" or the "Holy Brotherhood of the Orchid" poet group, in Franca, Brazil (d. 2011); Bill Owen, English actor, best known for the role Compo in the British TV series Last of the Summer Wine, in London (d. 1999)

March 15, 1914 (Sunday)

    Cover price of The Times was halved to one penny.
    Born: Joe E. Ross, television actor best known for The Phil Silvers Show and Car 54, Where Are You?, in New York City (d. 1982); Aniello Dellacroce, underboss for the Gambino crime family, in New York City (d. 1985)
    Died: Augustus Louis Chetlain, American military officer, general for the Union Army during the American Civil War (b. 1824)

March 16, 1914 (Monday)

    Henriette Caillaux, wife of French minister Joseph Caillaux, shot and killed Gaston Calmette, editor of Le Figaro, in his office, after fearing Calmette would publish letters showing she and Caillaux were romantically involved during his first marriage. She was acquitted on July 28.
    Ireland clinched the British Home Championship title in association football following a 1–1 draw with Scotland at Windsor Park, aggregating five points total in the championship. Scotland eventually finished as runners up, beating England 3–1 at Hampden Park in April. The trophy was not competed for the next six years due to the First World War.
    Born: H. W. Gretton, New Zealand poet, best known for his tramping songs publish in works like Tararua Songbook (1971) (d. 1983)
    Died: Charles Albert Gobat, Swiss politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1843); John Murray, Canadian-Scottish marine biologist and oceanographer, considered the father of modern oceanography, killed in an auto accident (b. 1841); Edward S. Holden, American astronomer, 5th president of the University of California (b. 1846)

March 17, 1914 (Tuesday)

    A massive celebration marked the arrival of the first train on the newly constructed Kansas City Southern Railway line in Hot Springs, Arkansas.
    The first green beer, invented by Dr. Thomas H. Curtin, was displayed at the Schnorrer Club of Morrisania in the Bronx, New York, creating an ongoing St. Patrick's Day tradition.
    The Italian epic opera I Mori di Valenza by composer Amilcare Ponchielli and based on the expulsion of descendants of the Moors in 17th-century Spain, debuted at the Théâtre du Casino 9now the Opéra de Monte-Carlo in Monaco.
    The farcical play A Pair of Sixes by Edward Henry Peple debuted on Broadway at the Longacre Theatre in Manhattan and achieved over two hundred runs before closing in September.
    Died: Hiraide Shū 平出修, late Meiji period novelist, poet, and lawyer; represented defendant in the High Treason Incident; a co-founder of the literary journal Subaru (b. 1878); Antun Gustav Matoš, Croatian poet and author writer, considered champion of Croatian modernist literature (b. 1873)

March 18, 1914 (Wednesday)

    An estimated 3,000 people were reported drowned in a fishing village located the mouth of the River Don following a fierce storm that swept over Russia.
    Canadian Arctic Expedition — Captain Robert Bartlett of the shipwreck Karluk left survivors on Wrangel Island accompanied by one of the Inuit guides on the expedition to look for signs of the other parties that went out earlier. With so sign of the other parties, the pair turned south and reached landfall on the Siberian coast by April 4, where Bartlett was able to locate help and arrange rescue for the remaining survivors.
    Elections were held in Southern Rhodesia to fill 12 elected positions in the Legislative Council, together with six members nominated by the British South Africa Company, and the Administrator of Southern Rhodesia.
    Died: Adolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier, Swiss-American archaeologist, expert of Native American cultures in southwestern United States, Mexico, and South America; Bandelier National Monument in New Mexico is named after him (b. 1840); William Paterson, Canadian politician, Member of Parliament of Canada, Minister of Customs from 1897 to 1911 (b. 1839)

March 19, 1914 (Thursday)

    A ferry boat carrying 50 passengers and a naval ship collided in Venice, resulting in 14 deaths.
    The Royal Ontario Museum opened to the public.
    The Toronto Blueshirts swept the Victoria Capitals in three games to win the Stanley Cup.
    Born: Jiang Qing, Chinese politician, wife of Mao Zedong, Cultural Revolution leader, in Zhucheng, China (d. 1991)
    Died: Giuseppe Mercalli, Italian volcanologist, developer of the Mercalli intensity scale to measure earthquakes, accidentally burned to death (b. 1850)

March 20, 1914 (Friday)

    Pancho Villa sent a force of 12,000 men to recapture Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico from 9,000 federal troops stationed in the city.
    Curragh incident: British Army officers stationed at the Curragh Camp resigned their commissions rather than be ordered to resist action by Unionist Ulster Volunteers if the Home Rule Bill was passed. The government backed down and they were reinstated.
    Over 9,000 French citizens attended the funeral of newspaper editor Gaston Calmette in Paris. The editor of the Le Figaro was assassinated on March 16.
    The first U.S. Figure Skating Championships were held in New Haven, Connecticut. The second championship would not be held until 1918 due to World War One.
    Born: Lilly Bølviken, Norwegian judge, first woman to serve on Supreme Court of Norway from 1968 to 1984, in Arendal, Norway (d. 2011); Tom Derrick, Australian World War Two soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross, in Medindie, South Australia, Australia (d. 1945)
    Died: Marie Jansen, American musical theater actress, best known for lead roles in comic operas such as Iolanthe and Erminie (b. 1857)

March 21, 1914 (Saturday)

    The commission set up by Venustiano Carranza confirmed British rancher William S. Benton had been stabbed to death in Pancho Villa's office by fellow officer Major Rudolfo Fierro. The commission claimed Villa concocted the story of the court martial against Benton to protect Fierro, a distant relative to the rebel leader.
    The English College Johore Bahru, one of the ten oldest English schools in Malaysia, opened its doors with 21 students (all boys) under the tutelage of two teachers from England. As of its centennial, the school serves over 1200 students.
    Boxer Tom McCormick lost the welterweight title to Matt Wells after more than 20 rounds in Sydney.
    U.S. Figure Skating Championships — Figure skater Theresa Weld won gold in women's competition while Norman M. Scott captured gold in the men's competition.
    The opera Béatrice by French composer André Messager debuted at Théâtre du Casino now the Opéra de Monte-Carlo in Monaco.
    Born: Paul Tortelier, French cellist and composer, in Paris (d. 1980); Sakae Ōba, Japanese military officer, led Japanese guerrilla resistance in Saipan from 1944 to 1945, in Gamagōri, Japan (d. 1992)

March 22, 1914 (Sunday)

    Argentina held legislative elections, with Radical Civic Union winning the majority of seats in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies and securing their road to government by 1916.[83]
    En route to recapture Torreón, Pancho Villa attacked Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico. The four-day battle resulted in 1,000 killed and 3,000 wounded but emboldened Villa to continue marching on to Torreón.
    Born: Lutfali Abdullayev, Azerbaijani stage and film actor, known for his work with Azerbaijan State Theatre of Musical Comedy, in Sheki, Azerbaijan (d. 1973);

March 23, 1914 (Monday)

    The city of Chilpancingo, Mexico fell to revolutionary forces under command of Jesús Salgado and Emiliano Zapata.
    The US Navy battleship USS Oklahoma was launched by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation of Camden, New Jersey. The famed battleship gained prestige in protecting convoys in World War One. The ship was sunk during the Imperial Japanese Navy's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.
    Born: Carmen Planas, Filipino politician, first women elected to Manila City Council (d. 1964)

March 24, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Admiral Count Yamamoto Gonnohyōe, the 8th Prime Minister of Japan, resigned from office along with his entire cabinet after both houses of National Diet (Japan legislature) refused to pass the budget for the Japanese Imperial Navy. The budget was plagued by the Siemens scandal, which resulted in many Japanese naval officers admitting to taking bribes for naval contracts offered by foreign companies Siemens and Vickers.
    AS Ekebergbanen was formed to build and operate the Ekeberg light rail line in Oslo, Norway. Construction of the line started immediately, but delivery of technical equipment and rolling stock was delayed due to the First World War.
    Blanche Sweet and Henry B. Walthall re-teamed with director D. W. Griffith for The Avenging Conscience, loosely based on the Edgar Alan Poe short story "The Tell-Tale Heart".

March 25, 1914 (Wednesday)

    The Aris football club was formed in Thessaloniki, Greece, with the club named after the Greek god of war Ares.
    Born: Norman Borlaug, American agricultural scientist, referred to as the "father of the Green Revolution," recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970, in Cresco, Iowa (d. 2009)
    Died: Frédéric Mistral, French writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1904 (b. 1830); Spencer Gore, British landscape painter, first president of the Camden Town Group (b. 1878); Robert James McMordie, Irish solicitor, politician and Lord Mayor of Belfast (b. 1849)

March 26, 1914 (Thursday)

    Pancho Villa's forces reached Torreón and attacked 12,000 federal troops occupying the city. Vicious fighting over the next six days yielded heavy losses on both sides, but Villa was able to recapture the city he had previously conquered in September, 1913.
    A Farman MF.7 Longhorn military plane was the first aircraft to use Værnes Air Station in Norway. The military air base was eventually expanded to civilian air traffic and became Trondheim Airport.
    Born: William Westmoreland, American general, commanded US military operations in the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1968, in Saxon, South Carolina (d. 2005)
    Died: Benjamin Franklin Keith, theatrical producer, pioneer of vaudeville theater (b. 1846)

March 27, 1914 (Friday)

    Sweden held early general elections, following the premature dissolving of the Riksdag by the Cabinet of Hjalmar Hammarskjöld.
    Belgian surgeon Albert Hustin made the first successful non-direct blood transfusion, using anticoagulants in Brussels.
    Jockey Bill Smith, riding horse Sunloch, won the 76th renewal of the Grand National at Aintree near Liverpool, England.
    Born: Budd Schulberg, American screenwriter, recipient of the Oscar for Best Screenplay for On the Waterfront, in New York City (d. 2009); Ces Burke, New Zealand cricketer, batman for Auckland and New Zealand from 1937 to 1954, in Ellerslie, New Zealand (d. 1997)

March 28, 1914 (Saturday)

    The Cambridge University Boat Club won the 71st Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race.
    Runner Alfred Nichols won gold at the 1914 International Cross Country Championships, held in Amersham, England. Team England also captured gold in the competition, which included 45 athletes from five countries.
    Born: Edmund Muskie, American politician, Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter from 1980 to 1981, in Rumford, Maine (d. 1996); Bohumil Hrabal, Czech poet and novelist, known for works such as Dancing Lessons for the Advanced in Age in Brno, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic) (d. 1997); Kenneth Richard Norris, Australian entomologist, pioneer researcher on serious incest pests, in Geraldton, Australia (d. 2003)
    Born: Clara Petrella, Italian operatic soprano singer, nicknamed the "Duse of Singers", in Milan (d. 1987); Robert M. Ball, American bureaucrat, served as Commissioner of Social Security from 1962 to 1973 (d. 2008); Chapman Pincher, British journalist and author, best known for exposés on British espionage, in Ambala, British India (d. 2014)

March 29, 1914 (Sunday)

    Katherine and William Scoresby Routledge arrived in Easter Island on the ship Mana for a one-year archaeological expedition of the remote island and its famous Moai (giant statues).

March 30, 1914 (Monday)

    The sealing ship SS Newfoundland was entrapped in ice during the annual seal hunt off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador. Its sister ship SS Stephano was nearby, giving Captain Wes Kean of SS Newfoundland a false sense of security. Kean ordered much of his crew out on the ice to hunt seals and stay overnight in SS Stephano. Miscommunication between both ships resulted in 132 crew members becoming lost on the ice between ships in worsening weather.
    A World Flyweight Championship (108 lb to 112 lb) was proposed for the first time after Jimmy Wilde defeated Eugene Husson in London. Wilde, subsequently ranked by most experts as the greatest-ever flyweight, held the title until 1923.
    Born: Sonny Boy Williamson, American blues harmonica player, singer and songwriter, pioneer of the blues harp, in Madison County, Tennessee (d. 1948)
    Died: John Henry Poynting, English physicist, discovered the Poynting–Robertson effect and developed the Poynting vector (b. 1852)

March 31, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Third Battle of Topolobampo — Mexican rebel gunship Tampico attacked Mexican naval gunship Guerrero as it attempted to break out of naval blockage set up around the bay of Topolobampo. In the ensuing battle, Tampico hit Guerrero three times, wounding three of the ship's crew. Tampico was struck four to six times but was able to retreat back into the harbor and run aground.[101]
    The sealing vessel SS Southern Cross was spotted for the last time by SS Portia off the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland before disappearing and believed sunk with all 173 crew on board.
    The borough of Ogdensburg, New Jersey was incorporated.
    The Portuguese Football Federation was formed in Lisbon.
    The second episode of the serial The Perils of Pauline, starring Pearl White, is released.[105]
    Born: Octavio Paz, Mexican writer, poet, diplomat, and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1990 (d. 1998); David Seath, Scottish-born New Zealand politician, Minister of Internal Affairs from 1963 to 1972, in Musselburgh, Scotland (d. 1997)
    Died: Timothy Daniel Sullivan, Irish journalist, politician and poet, wrote the Irish national hymn God Save Ireland (born 1827); Christian Morgenstern, German author and poet, best known for his poetry collection Gallows Songs (b. 1871); Hubert von Herkomer, British painter and composer, best known for paintings such as Hard Times (b. 1849)


April 1, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Burston Strike School — British schoolteachers Annie and Tom Higdon were dismissed from the Church of England village school in Burston, Norfolk, England following disputes with the local school managing body over the conditions of the school building. Upon the firing, 66 of 72 students at the school went on strike in support of the Higdons. In defiance of the education governing body, the teachers and students formed a strike school that eventually resulted in a new building by 1917.
    The Ljungby IF association football club was formed in Ljungby, Sweden.
    Died: Rube Waddell, American baseball player, pitcher for the Philadelphia Athletics and St. Louis Browns, inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum (b.1876)

April 2, 1914 (Thursday)

    Pancho Villa telegraphed Venustiano Carranza to report his forces had retaken Torreón, Mexico after 11 days of fighting. Villa reported his forces sustained casualties of 2,000 killed or wounded, and estimated over 12,000 federal troops dead, wounded or captured. The capture of the city gave the Mexican rebel army near complete control of north central Mexico.
    Wes Kean, captain of the SS Newfoundland, spotted survivors of 132 sealers from his ship that had been trapped on ice floes off Newfoundland for three days during a blizzard. Using an improvised distress signal, Kean alerted nearby ship SS Bellaventure to assist, with crewman venturing onto the ice with blankets, food, and drink. In total, 77 men died on the ice, with only 69 bodies recovered; another survivor died later in hospital from complications from exposure.
    The U.S. Navy gunboat Dolphin, entered Tampico harbor in Mexico and presented a 21-gun salute to the Mexican flag three times as tribute to the celebrated occupation of Puebla in 1867 during the French intervention in Mexico. It was the last peaceful diplomatic exchange between the United States Government and the Mexican government under Victoriano Huerta before relations dissolved during the Tampico Affair days later.
    Some 300 Pentecostal preachers and laymen from 20 U.S. states and several countries gathered for a general council in Hot Springs, Arkansas to discuss ways to protect and preserve the results of Pentecostal revivalism through cooperative fellowship.
    Twenty people were killed and another 50 injured when a train derailed near Tanjung Priok, Indonesia. A herd of buffalo crossed the track near a bridge crossing six miles (9 kilometers) outside the city, forcing the train off the rails.
    The Australian steamer SS Kate, a renowned tug in Sydney harbor, was wrecked after 30 years of service to Australia's shipping industry. The ferry Bellubera collided with the tug and cut it in half, with all boat crew rescued.
    Cumann na mBan, the Irish republican women's paramilitary organisation, was formed in Dublin as an auxiliary of the Irish Volunteers.
    Construction began on the Connaught Tunnel in the Selkirk Mountains under Rogers Pass on the Canadian Pacific Railway main line between Calgary and Revelstoke, British Columbia.
    Born: Alec Guinness, British stage and film actor, Oscar winner for Best Actor in The Bridge on the River Kwai, played Obi-wan Kenobi in the original Star Wars trilogy, in London (d. 2000); Hans Wegner, Danish furniture designer, one of the developers of Organic Functionality in furniture, in Tønder, Denmark (d. 2007); Edwin Alonzo Boyd, Canadian bank robber, leader of the Boyd Gang, in Toronto (d. 2002)
    Died: Paul Heyse, German writer, recipient of the 1910 Nobel Prize for Literature (b. 1830)

April 3, 1914 (Friday)

    The Federal University of Alfenas (Universidade Federal de Alfenas) was established in Alfenas, Brazil as a school for dentistry and pharmacy. The school expanded into other science and medical programs and became a federal university in 2005.
    Born: Sam Manekshaw, Indian military officer, field marshal for the Indian Army, in Amritsar, India (d. 2008)

April 4, 1914 (Saturday)

    Hundreds of anxious spectators gathered in St.John's, Newfoundland harbor to meet the SS Bellaventure as it arrived with the frozen bodies of 69 sealers who died while caught in a blizzard on ice floes two days earlier. Another 63 survivors disembarked with injuries from frostbite or exposure to cold.
    Komagata Maru incident – Merchant fisherman Baba Gurdit Singh chartered the Japanese vessel Komagata Maru to pick up 165 passengers (all subjects of British India) in Hong Kong on the first leg of the voyage to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
    Canadian Arctic Expedition — Captain Robert Bartlett of the shipwreck Karluk and his Inuit guide Kataktovik reached the Siberian coast after weeks on the Arctic ice searching for other members of the polar expedition that had left Wrangel Island where the main party were camped. The two followed a sledge track to a Chukchi village where they were given food and shelter for a night.
    Scotland beat England 3-1 in the final association football game of the British Home Championship in Glasgow, but under the aggregate point system Ireland was the champion, the first time in the championship's history. The First World War would put the annual championship on hold for six years.
    Born: Marguerite Duras, French writer and film director, author of The Sea Wall and Hiroshima mon amour, in Saigon, French Indochina (d. 1996); Richard Coogan, American actor, best known as Captain Video in the film serial Captain Video and His Video Rangers from 1949 to 1950, in Short Hills, New Jersey (d. 2014)
    Died: Friedrich Weyerhäuser, German-American business leader, founder of the Weyerhaeuser Company, the world's largest private owner of timberlands (b. 1834)

April 5, 1914 (Sunday)

    A bomb exploded in the church of St Martin-in-the-Fields in London, causing major property damage. British suffragists were suspected to be behind the bombing but no firm evidence was obtained.
    Born: Aub Lawson, Australian motorcycle speedway racer, feature racer in ten Speedway World Championship finals, in Warialda, New South Wales, Australia (d. 1977)

April 6, 1914 (Monday)

    A federation of four provincial councils in Catalonia, Spain together formed the Commonwealth of Catalonia as a means to bolster the eastern Spanish region's political influence in Spanish Parliament and strengthen economic growth in the region.
    The Roman Catholic Diocese of Shantou was established in Guangzhou, China.
    British General Charles W. H. Douglas replaced Field-Marshal Sir John French as Chief of the Imperial General Staff, serving in the command position during the first three months of World War One.
    Radio inventor Hiram Percy Maxim of Hartford, Connecticut founded the American Radio Relay League, the largest membership association of amateur radio enthusiasts in the United States.
    The second film adaptation of Charles Dickens' The Old Curiosity Shop is released, starring Alma Taylor.
    Died: Józef Marian Chełmoński, Polish painter, member of the realist movement (b. 1849)

April 7, 1914 (Tuesday)

    General elections in Sweden ended with the General Electoral League emerging as the largest party, winning 86 of the 230 seats in the Second Chamber. It allowed Hjalmar Hammarskjöld to retain his position as Prime Minister that he had held as interim in February
    The last spike was driven on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway at Fort Fraser, British Columbia, 93 miles (150 km) west of Prince George, completing the line between Winnipeg and Prince Rupert.
    Canadian Arctic Expedition — Karluk Captain Robert Bartlett and his Inuit guide Kataktovik set off for East Cape, located on the Bering Sea coast, where the polar explorer hoped to find passage back to Alaska to arrange a rescue mission for the remaining main party camped on Wrangel Island. The journey was hampered by hurricane-force winds and extreme cold, but a network of Chukchi villages along the Siberian coastline allowed Bartlett to trade for provisions.
    Al McCoy defeated George Chip with a surprise first round knockout in Brooklyn, New York, to take the World Middleweight Championship, holding onto the title until 1917.
    Died: Ghazi Ayub Khan, Emir of Afghanistan from 1879 to 1880, leader of the Afghans in the Second Anglo-Afghan War (b. 1857); Sui Sin Far, alias of Edith Maude Eaton, British-Canadian author of Chinese ethnicity, author of the short story collection Mrs. Spring Fragrance (b. 1865); Charlie Ganzel, American baseball player, catcher for the Detroit Wolverines and Boston Beaneaters (b. 1862)

April 8, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Over 158,000 women registered to vote for the first time in Illinois township elections voted in favor of adding 16 counties to the 30 that already prohibited the sale of alcohol, one of the first times the female vote had a major public impact on the American electorate. "Full suffrage is undoubtedly the next step," said the president of the Chicago Equal Suffrage Association.
    Komagata Maru incident – The Japanese vessel carrying British Indian citizens picked up more passengers in Shanghai, eventually totaling 376.
    Born: María Félix, Mexican actress, leading actress during the Golden Age of Mexican cinema, in Álamos, Mexico (d. 2002); Joan Henry, British author, known for the novel Who Lie in Gaol, adapted to film as The Weak and the Wicked, in London (d. 2000)

April 9, 1914 (Thursday)

    Tampico Affair – Mexican authorities arrested eight U.S. sailors from the naval gunship Dolphin in Tampico harbor, Mexico, under the mistaken assumption the sailors were members of the Constitutionalists that clashed with federal troops days before. Rear Admiral Henry T. Mayo, the commander of U.S. naval forces in the area, demanded a 21-gun salute and formal apology from the Mexican government. In response, Mexican President Victoriano Huerta ordered the release of the sailors and gave a written apology. However, he refused to have his forces raise the U.S. flag on Mexican soil to provide a 21-gun salute, inciting calls for action in Washington.
    The very first naval/aircraft skirmish took place in Topolobampo, Mexico. Captain Gustavo Salinas Camiña of the Constitutionalists flew a Glenn L. Martin biplane loaded with explosives to attack Mexican naval gunboats Guerrero and Morelos that were set up to block the mouth of the harbor where the mutinous gunboat Tampico lay partially sunk. The gunboats fired on the biplane using small arms while Camiña dropped five bombs over the warships anchored close to each other. Neither bomb hit their targets but Camiña was able to fly back to the airfield safely.
    Robert E. Woodrow, a distant relative to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, died in a motorcycle accident in Indianapolis. Woodrow's father was a cousin to President Wilson's mother.
    The first colour feature film The World, the Flesh and the Devil was shown in Great Britain.
    Store manager George James (G. J.) Coles opened the 'Coles Variety Store' in Melbourne, Australia, eventually growing to become a supermarket chain by mid-20th-century as Coles Supermarkets, Australia's second largest supermarket chain.
    Born: Boris Sergeyevich Sokolov, Russian geologist and paleontologist, president of the Paleontological Society of Russia from 1974 to 2013, in Vyshny Volochyok, Russia (d. 2013)
    Died: Empress Shōken, Japanese empress consort for Emperor Meiji (b. 1849)

April 10, 1914 (Friday)

    With the opposition in disarray, Pancho Villa was able to drive federal troops out of San Pedro, Coahuila, Mexico and occupy the city.
    The Andhra Pradesh Library Association (formerly Andhra Desa Library Association) was established in Vijayawada and is the oldest state library association in India.
    Born: Jack Badcock, Australian cricketer, played in seven Tests from 1936 to 1938, in Exton, Tasmania, Australia (d. 1982)

April 11, 1914 (Saturday)

    Paris celebrated the 25th anniversary of the Eiffel Tower. The 324-metre (1,063 ft) tall iron structure had become an accepted landmark in the city.
    Canadian military nurse Margaret C. MacDonald was appointed Matron-in-Chief of the Canadian Nursing service band and became the first woman in the British Empire to reach the rank of major.
    Alpha Rho Chi, a professional architecture fraternity, was founded at Hotel Sherman in Chicago.
    The first English-language performance of George Bernard Shaw's comedy Pygmalion opened at His Majesty's Theatre in London.
    Born: Robert Stanfield, Canadian politician, 17th Premier of Nova Scotia and leader of the federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, in Truro, Nova Scotia (d. 2003); Norman McLaren, Scottish-Canadian animator, renowned animator for the National Film Board of Canada, 1952 Oscar winner for the animated short Neighbours, in Stirling, Scotland (d. 1987)

April 12, 1914 (Sunday)

    The first general council for the Assemblies of God was created through partnerships with several American Pentecostal organizations in Hot Springs, Arkansas following a general meeting of around 300 preachers and layman.The Assembly became the largest Pentecostal denomination of in the world.
    Nicholas II of Russia presented as an Easter gift to his wife Empress Alexandra Feodorovna a jeweled enameled Easter egg crafted by Albert Holmström under the supervision of Peter Carl Fabergé. The gift would eventually be known as the world-famous Mosaic Fabergé egg.
    French road cyclist Charles Crupelandt won the 1914 Paris–Roubaix, a 274 km (170 mi) bicycle road race from Paris to Roubaix, with an official time of nine hours and two minutes.
    The América Futebol Clube (PE) was formed in Recife, Brazil, one of the more successful association football clubs of Pernambuco state in Brazil, with six state championship titles to its name.
    Film legend Rudolph Valentino allegedly made his screen debut (uncredited) as a taxi dancer in The Battle of the Sexes, directed by D. W. Griffith.
    The Mark Strand Theatre opened in the Manhattan Theatre District. It was first "movie palace" theatre that offered customers a full theatrical experience, and a step-up from the modest store-front nickelodeons where movies where shown before.
    Born: Armen Alchian, American economist, co-author of Exchange and Production, in Fresno, California (d. 2013); Adriaan Blaauw, Dutch astronomer, leader in research on star formation, in Amsterdam (d. 2010); Jan van Cauwelaert, Belgian bishop of the Roman Catholic Church, one of the oldest bishops in the Church (still alive in 2014)

April 13, 1914 (Monday)

    Former New York Governor William Sulzer, along with other Democrats, formed the American Party in Albany, New York to protest what was perceived as undue political influence by Tammany Hall leader Charles Francis Murphy on the state government.
    The final match of the international rugby 1914 Five Nations Championship was played in Paris between France and England, with England crushing France 39-13. England took the top spot of the championship table with eight points, followed by Wales with six points, and Ireland with four points.
    Born: Orhan Veli Kanık, Turkish poet, one of the founders of the Garip movement, in Istanbul (d. 1950); John Russell Harper, Canadian art historian, pioneer of the field of art history in Canada, in Caledonia, Ontario (d. 1983); Sri Vidya Prakasananda Giri Swamy, Hindu guru and author, founder of Sri Sukabrahma Ashram, in Machilipatnam, India (d. 1998); Børge Mogensen, Danish furniture designer, member of the Danish Modern movement, in Aalborg, Denmark (d. 1972)

April 14, 1914 (Tuesday)

    The first International Criminal Police Congress was held in Monaco, with 24 countries represented, in the first of several attempts to formalize international police cooperation (later efforts eventually resulted in the creation of Interpol).
    Komagata Maru incident – The Japanese vessel arrived in Yokohama with a total contingent of 376 passengers, including 340 Sikhs, 24 Muslims, and 12 Hindus, all British subjects.
    A collision at Burntisland railway station in Scotland between an express and a shunting goods train following a signalman's error killed two locomotive crew and injured twelve passengers.
    The city of Irving, Texas was incorporated.
    Born: Robert Bend, Canadian politician, leader of the Manitoba Liberal Party from 1969 to 1970 (d. 1999)
    Died: William Whyte, Scottish-Canadian railway executive for Canadian Pacific Railway (b. 1843)

April 15, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Some 8,000 federal soldiers from San Pedro, Coahuila, Mexico were trapped by two factions of rebel soldiers after the railroad they were retreating on was sabotaged.[54]
    A bust of British journalist William Thomas Stead was unveiled in The Hague to commemorate the renowned pacifist's passing on the RMS Titanic when it sunk on April 15, 1912.
    Sinclair Lewis married Vogue editor Grace Livingston Hegger in a civil ceremony in Brooklyn, New York City.
    Actor Sydney Deane became the first Australian to appear in a Hollywood film when he debuted in Brewster's Millions, a comedy film directed by Oscar Apfel and Cecil B. DeMille and starring Edward Abeles.

April 16, 1914 (Thursday)

    Ōkuma Shigenobu became the 5th Prime Minister of Japan and the second time in his political career. Shigenonu returned to politics at the request of Emperor Taishō to form a new cabinet after the administration under Yamamoto Gonnohyōe was dissolved earlier in wake of the Siemens scandal.
    The 4th Marine Regiment of the United States Marine Corp was activated in Puget Sound, Washington under the command of Colonel Joseph Henry Pendleton for the purpose of any military engagements in Mexico following the Tampico Affair. The regiment was called into action within weeks to occupy Veracruz, Mexico.
    Bai Lang Rebellion — Regular troops routed the "bandit army" of Bai Yung-chang, known as the "White Wolf," near Sian-Foo in northwest China, killing or wounding some 2,000 men.
    Following a scoreless championship final on April 11, the Scottish Cup was replayed with the Celtic club from Glasgow beating the Hiberian club from Edinburgh 4-1. An estimated 40,000 spectators attended the Scottish football championship.
    Born: John Hodiak, American actor, known for roles in Lifeboat and A Bell for Adano, in Pittsburgh (d. 1955); K. H. Ara, Indian painter, member of the Bombay Progressive Artists' Group, in Bolarum, British India (d. 1985); Hiro Saga, wife to Prince Pujie, brother to Emperor Puyi, last of the Qing dynasty, in Tokyo (d. 1987)
    Died: George William Hill, American astronomer and mathematician, developed the Hill sphere concept for orbiting satellite objects (b. 1838)

April 17, 1914 (Friday)

    Russia formally accepted Tannu Uriankhai, once a region ruled by the Mongol Empire and later the Qing dynasty, as a protectorate of the empire.
    Michael P. Mahoney, 71, fired a gun at John Purroy Mitchel, Mayor of New York City, as he was getting into his car to go to lunch. The bullet ricocheted off a pedestrian and hit Frank Lyon Polk, New York City's corporation counsel in the chin.
    A bomb destroyed a theatre in the seaside resort of Great Yarmouth, England, with local authorities suspecting it was planted by members of the suffragist movement in Britain.
    The Kunstkring Art Gallery in Central Jakarta was inaugurated by Governor General of Dutch Indies Alexander Willem Frederik Idenburg as the overseer. The building was designed by Dutch architect Pieter Adriaan Jacobus Moojen and housed the Kunstkring (Art Circle) until 1936 where after it passed through private and government ownership until its restoration in 2011.
    Born: Janine Micheau, French opera singer, lyric soprano for Opéra-Comique (d. 1976)

April 18, 1914 (Saturday)

    The Auckland Exhibition closed in New Zealand.
    The Italian epic film Cabiria, directed by Giovanni Pastrone, was released. The film followed the adventures of the title heroine who witnessed or got involved in major historic events in the Roman Empire, including Hannibal's crossing of the Alps. It was the first major film to feature the dolly shot, and also the first film screened at the White House.
    The film comedy Mabel at the Wheel, starring Charlie Chaplin and Mabel Normand, who also co-directed with Mack Sennett, was released.
    Born: Claire Martin, Canadian author, recipient of the 1966 Governor General's Awards, in Quebec City (d. 2014)

April 19, 1914 (Sunday)

    Victorino Márquez Bustillos became interim President of Venezuela, after Juan Vicente Gómez voluntarily stepped down from office, though he continued to influence government from his home in Maracay until his official return to power in 1922.
    The village of Estuary, Saskatchewan was established along the future Canadian Pacific Railway branch line. The town peaked at 800 inhabitants and 163 businesses before a change in the railroad route caused the town to decline, becoming a ghost town by mid-20th-century.
    Died: Frederik Collett, Norwegian painter, famous for his landscape paintings of the region around Lillehammer, Norway (b. 1839); Charles Sanders Peirce, American philosopher, known as "the father of pragmatism" (b. 1839); Morton Betts, British footballer and cricketer, scored the first goal in the first English FA Cup Final (b. 1847)

April 20, 1914 (Monday)

    Ludlow Massacre (Colorado Coalfield War) – The Colorado National Guard attacked a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners in Ludlow, Colorado, killing 24 people. Among the casualties were labor organizer Louis Tikas, who had been shot three times, and two women and 11 children who asphyxiated while hiding in a cellar beneath one the camp's main tents that had been set on fire. The mass casualties ignited the Colorado Coalfield War.
    President Woodrow Wilson asked the United States Congress to use military force in Mexico in reaction to the Tampico Affair.
    Concha Revolution — Soldiers for the government of Ecuador suffered defeat at Camarones, Ecuador, with 500 killed or wounded and another 200 taken prisoner by rebels under the command of Carlos Concha, who had been leading an uprising since the death of President Emilio Estrada Carmona December 21, 1911.
    Howard Pixton won the Schneider Trophy air race at Monaco, with a winning average speech of 139.66 km/h (86.78 mph) over the course in a Sopwith Schneider seaplane.
    Sport Club Flamengo was formed, one of the founding football association clubs of the Pernambuco State Football Federation in Recife, Brazil.
    British artist Dorothy Shakespear married American poet Ezra Pound at St Mary Abbots on Kensington High Street in London at the behest of family, even though the couple preferred a civil ceremony.
    The Japanese-language novel Kokoro by Natsume Sōseki began its serial run in Asahi Shimbun, one of Japan's national newspapers. The novel chronicles the country's transition from the Meiji period to the modern era through the relationship between a young man and his sensei (mentor).
    Died: Ivar Wickman, Swedish physician, discovered how polio infection was transferred (committed suicide) (b. 1872)

April 21, 1914 (Tuesday)

    The U.S. House of Representatives voted 337 to 37 in favor of employing armed forces in Mexico after fours hours of debate.
    United States occupation of Veracruz – Around 2,300 U.S. Navy sailors and Marines under the command of Rear Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher landed in the port city of Veracruz, Mexico, in response to the Tampico Affair on April 9. Fighting began between American and local Mexican forces by noon.
    The German steamer SS Ypiranga was detained by the U.S. Navy as it attempted to unload arms for forces under command of Victoriano Huerta in Veracruz. However, since there was no formal blockade during the occupation, the ship's detention was illegal. Subsequently, the steamer was released where it went to a nearby port unoccupied by the U.S. Navy to unload its shipment.
    The Iraty Sport Club was formed in Irati, Brazil, becoming the oldest football club in the Paraná, Brazil.
    Oliver Hardy made his film debut in the comedy Outwitting Dad, directed by Arthur Hotaling.
    Born: James Henry Quello, American government official, Commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) from 1974 to 1993, in Laurium, Michigan (d. 2010)
    Died: Theodore B. Basselin, German-American businessman, created the Lowville and Beaver River Railroad and other companies, established the Basselin Scholarship for Theological College at the Catholic University of America (b. 1851)

April 22, 1914 (Wednesday)

    United States occupation of Veracruz – Streetfighting broke out as the U.S. Navy and Marines expanded beyond the Veracruz waterfront into the city to ensure U.S. forces could hold the port. By late afternoon, sailors and Marines has taken control of the town centre.
    The destroyer USS McDougal, named in honor of U.S. Civil War navy officer David McDougal, was launched at Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine. McDougal's granddaughter Marguerite S. LeBreton was the launch's sponsor.
    The Titanic Engineers' Memorial was unveiled by Sir Archibald Denny, president of the Institute of Marine Engineers in Southampton, England to commemorate the engineers who died during the sinking of RMS Titanic on April 15, 1912.
    The men's fraternity Alpha Kappa Lambda was founded by students attending the University of California, Berkeley.
    Babe Ruth pitched his first professional game for the Baltimore Orioles at age 19.
    Born: Baldev Raj Chopra, Indian film and TV director, best known the Mahabharat TV series, in Ludhiana, British India (d. 2008); José Quiñones Gonzales, Peruvian military pilot, decorate war hero in the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (d. 1941, died in combat); Jan de Hartog, Dutch writer, author of the The Fourposter, in Haarlem, Netherlands (d. 2002)

April 23, 1914 (Thursday)

    The baseball stadium Weeghman Park, later known as Wrigley Field, opened in Chicago, with the first game played between home team Chicago Whales and visiting Kansas City Packers.
    Born: Glyn Daniel, Welsh archaeologist, editor of the academic magazine Antiquity from 1958 to 1985, in Pembrokeshire, Wales (d. 1986)

April 24, 1914 (Friday)

    United States occupation of Veracruz – All fighting between America and Mexican forces in Veracruz ceased, with the U.S. Navy occupying the city for another six months.
    Larne Gun Running – Arms shipments from Germany, including 35,000 rifles and over 3 million rounds of ammunition, landed at Larne, Bangor and Donaghadee, Ireland and were distributed for the Ulster Volunteers using motor vehicles, the first time arms were ever distributed in such a manner.
    Canadian Arctic Expedition — Karluk Captain Robert Bartlett and his Inuit guide Kataktovik reached Emma Town, a Siberian settlement a few miles west of East Cape, 37 days since leaving Wrangel Island where the main party was camped. The two men had traveled about 700 miles (1,100 km), much of it on foot. Robert arranged transit with a local Russian official to take him to Emma Harbour on the coast, a week's journey away, where he could look for a ship to Alaska.
    Physicists James Franck and Gustav Hertz presented results of their experiment on electron collisions to the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, which revealed the internal quantum levels of atoms.

April 25, 1914 (Saturday)

    The first combat flight by a U.S. Navy aircraft took place, observing Mexican positions during the Veracruz Incident.
    The 10th Marine Regiment of United States Marine Corps was formed in Quantico, Virginia on as an artillery battalion under the 1st Marine Brigade.
    Burnley beat Liverpool 1-0 in the FA Cup Final, with Bert Freeman scoring the game's single goal. It was the last time the FA Cup was played at the Crystal Palace in London. Attendance was high at over 72,000, thanks in part to reigning British monarch George V attending the championship game.
    Born: Charles Acton, English-Irish music critic for the The Irish Times and member of The Critics' Circle, in Iron Acton, England (d. 1999)

April 26, 1914 (Sunday)

    France began to hold general elections with final results not tallied until May 10.
    Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition — Former U.S President Theodore Roosevelt and Brazilian military officer Cândido Rondon completed their exploration of the River of Doubt (later renamed Roosevelt River) in the Amazon. The expedition achieved its objectives at terrible cost. Three men out of the 16 in the exploration party perished (one through drowning, another by homicide, forcing the party to abandon the third man who committed the act to perish in the jungle). The rest were weakened by starvation and disease. Roosevelt and Rondon credited the help of a team of seringueiros (local Brazilians who harvest rubber from trees for tire manufacturing in North America) for providing needed aid through the last leg of the river to meet their rendezvous with the American-Brazilian relief party which escorted them back to Manaus, Brazil.
    Born: Bernard Malamud, American writer, author of The Fixer and the The Natural, in New York City (d. 1986); Lilian Rolfe, French secret agent in World War Two, in Paris, worked in France behind enemy lines until her capture in 1944 (executed in 1945)
    Died: Eduard Suess, Austrian geologist, first proposed the supercontinent Gondwana (b. 1831)

April 27, 1914 (Monday)

    The Russian steamer Kometa exploded off the coast of Algeria, killing half of the 30-man crew and injuring nine more.
    Born: Albert Soboul, Algerian-French historian, specialized in the French Revolution and Napoleonic periods, in Ammi Moussa, Algeria (d. 1976); Joseph Harold Moore, U.S. Air Force officer, leader of Operation Rolling Thunder during the Vietnam War, in Florence, South Carolina (d. 2006)

April 28, 1914 (Tuesday)

    A coal mine explosion in Eccles, West Virginia killed over 180 miners, the second worst mining disaster in the state's history. Mine investigators concluded a flame from a carbide lamp touched off a pocket of coal gas, which set up a chain reaction of explosions throughout the mine. Official records of the disaster contradict exact casualties, with the number ranging from 180 to 186 dead.
    Colorado Coalfield War — U.S. President Woodrow Wilson ordered federal troops to Colorado at the request of state governor Elias M. Ammons to restore order after ten days of fighting between coal mine strikers and the Colorado National Guard.
    Two dioceses were established in Africa: the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nkongsambain Cameroon,and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Djibouti in Djibouti.
    New Jersey boroughs Westville and Stone Harbor were incorporated.
    British suffragettes Hilda Birkett and Florence Tunks burned down the Felixstow Bath Hotel in Suffolk, England as part of a series of violent actions during the "Votes For Women" Campaign. There were no occupants in the hotel. Both women were arrested and given prison sentences on May 29.
    Born: Michel Mohrt, French editor and writer, recipient of the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française in 1961, in Morlaix, France (d. 2011)

April 29, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Colorado Coalfield War — Fifteen people were killed in clashes between striking miners, mine guard and state militia on the final day of the labor dispute for the Colorado coalfields as federal troops arrived, upon which hundreds of striking miners laid down their arms and ended the violence.
    A scientific expedition to the western half of Sumatra collected specimens of a unique species of muntjac (a type of deer) later called the Sumatran Muntjac. The animal was later sighted in the 1930s and early 2000s.
    Born: Johnny Dio, American gangster, Lucchese crime family capo and Murder, Inc. member, in New York City (d. 1979)

April 30, 1914 (Thursday)

    Grande Prairie, Alberta was incorporated as a village.
    Born: Dorival Caymmi, Brazilian musician, considered one the founders of the bossa nova movement, in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (d. 2008)


May 1, 1914 (Friday)

    The 1914 Exposition Internationale (World's Fair) was held in the French city of Lyon.
    P. W. Goldring was elected to the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong in a by-election for the one of the two unofficial seats, beating rival William Leonard Carter by a landslide of 144-33 votes.
    The German coast vessel SS Dollart struck the wreck of SS Werner in the River Elbe at Glückstadt, Germany and sank with the loss of two crew, but was later recovered and put back into service.
    The No. 7 Squadron RAF was formed at Farnborough Airport in Farnborough, Hampshire, England, the last Royal Air Force squadron formed before the outbreak of World War One.
    Socialist politician Job Harriman established the Llano del Rio commune in California to demonstrate a working community of cooperative and collective economic activity that would build public support for socialism. The number of residents at the colony grew from five at inception to 150 by next year.
    The borough West Paterson, New Jersey (now Woodland Park) was incorporated.
    The Stevens Building opened in downtown Portland, Oregon, and is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.It is approximately 152 feet (46 m) tall.
    The Croatian association football club ŽŠK Victoria was formed in Zagreb. It was renamed in 1945 to NK Lokomotiva at the beginning of a very successful decade for the club, and still operates in present-day Croatia.
    Born: Max Schachner, Austrian Obersturmführer officer with the Waffen-SS during World War Two, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Haag, Austria (d. 1944, killed in action)

May 2, 1914 (Saturday)

    The Australian bus line South Wales Transport began operating in Swansea.
    The 25th County Championship first-class cricket competition began, with the schedule originally set to run until September 9. The start of World War One forced the championship committee to cancel the last two matches of the season, but final positions in the table being calculated by the percentage of possible points gained allowed the Surrey County Cricket Club to be declared season champions for the seventh time.
    Born: George Piranian, Swiss-American mathematician, first editor of the Michigan Mathematical Journal, in Thalwil, Switzerland (d. 2009); Mary von Schrader Jarrell, American patron of the arts, worked to preserve the works of husband poet Randall Jarrell, in St. Louis (d. 2007)
    Died: John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, husband of Princess Louise of the United Kingdom, 4th Governor General of Canada (b. 1845)

May 3, 1914 (Sunday)

    Komagata Maru incident — The Japanese steamship SS Komagata Maru left Yokohama, Japan for Canada with 376 passengers from Punjab, British India.
    Following a scoreless final on April 19, the American Cup association football final was replayed in Newark, New Jersey before a crowd of 15,000 spectators. Forward Edward Donaghy of Bethlehem Steel F.C. scored the single winning goal against Tacony F.C.
    Born: Martín de Riquer, Spanish literary historian and Romantic scholar, wrote important works on Don Quixote, in Barcelona (d. 2013); Ernest Smith, Canadian World War Two soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross, in New Westminster, British Columbia (d. 2005)
    Born: Armando Bó, Argentine film-maker, best known for a series of sexploitation films in the 1960s and 1970s, in Buenos Aires (d. 1981); Reg Bentley, Canadian hockey player, brother to hockey players Doug Bentley and Max Bentley, played for the Chicago Blackhawks, in Delisle, Saskatchewan (d. 1980)
    Died: Élisabeth Leseur, French mystic, best known for the spiritual diary published as Journal et pensées pour chaque jour (Journal and thoughts for each day) by her husband Felix after she posthumously predicted he would convert to Christianity from atheism and become an ordained priest in 1923 (b. 1866)

May 4, 1914 (Monday)

    More than 50 people were killed and over 100 injured in a fire that swept the commercial section of Valparaíso, Chile.
    The Portuguese football association club União Futebol Comércio e Indústria de Tomar was formed in Tomar, Portugal.
    Charlie Chaplin made his directorial debut with the comedy Caught in the Rain, one of his films where he did not star as The Tramp.
    Born: Maedayama Eigorō, Japanese sumo wrestler, 39th yokozuna (champion) from 1947 to 1949, in Ehime Prefecture, Japan (d. 1971); Murtada Sharif 'Askari, Iraqi-Iranian Islamic scholar, author of more than 50 books on the history of Islam, in Samarra, Iraq (d. 2007)
    Born: Bert Tann, association football player and leader, long-serving manager for the Bristol Rovers F.C. from 1950 to 1968, in Plaistow, Newham, England (d. 1972); Mark Fradkin, Soviet composer, recipient of the People's Artist of the USSR, in Vitebsk, Belarus, Russian Empire (d. 1990)
    Died: Rowland Griffiths, Welsh rugby player, played in the 1908 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia (b. 1886)

May 5, 1914 (Tuesday)

    The 1914 Jubilee Exhibition (Jubilæumsutstillingen) was held in Kristiania, Norway to mark the centennial of the country's Constitution.
    A brush fire near Panama City ignited a powder magazine depot for the Panama Canal project, killing seven firefighters and officers trying to contain the blaze and injuring 20 more in a massive explosion.
    Athletic director L. Theo Bellmont of University of Texas at Austin chaired the first organizational meeting of the Southwest Conference in Dallas, with representatives from eight colleges with athletic programs in attendance.
    Born: Tyrone Power, American actor, best known for swashbuckler film roles such as The Mark of Zorro, in Cincinnati, Ohio (d. 1958); Lloyd Trigg, New Zealand World War Two bomber pilot, recipient of the Victoria Cross, in Houhora, New Zealand (d. 1943, killed in action)
    Born: Verna Hillie, American actress, best known for roles such as Under the Tonto Rim, in Hancock, Michigan (d. 1997); Chuck Sweeney, American football player, played for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football from 1935 to 1937, in Bloomington, Illinois (d. 1999)
    Died: Johannes Pfuhl, German sculptor, created sculptures of major Germanic historical figures including Heinrich Laube, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and William I (b. 1846); Hans Engelmann, German composer, author of "Melody of Love" (b. 1872)

May 6, 1914 (Wednesday)

    The British House of Lords rejected the Women's Suffrage bill 104 to 60.
    The Bishop's Stortford Tournament was held Hertfordshire, England, with George Duncan winning the golf tournament with rounds of 72 and 69, two shots ahead of Harry Vardon who had rounds of 72 and 71. It was the only tournament played at the Bishop's Stortford Golf Club before the onset of World War One.
    Born: Randall Jarrell, American poet, 11th United States Poet Laureate to the Library of Congress, in Nashville (d. 1965, died in a car accident)

May 7, 1914 (Thursday)

    Born: Scobie Breasley, Australian jockey, winner of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, in Wagga Wagga, Australia (d. 2006); Radomiro Tomic, Chilean politician, co-founder of the Falange Nacional (later the Christian Democrat Party of Chile), in Antofagasta, Chile (d. 1992); Johannes de Groot, Dutch mathematician, lead researcher in topology, in Loppersum, Netherlands (d. 1972)

May 8, 1914 (Friday)

    A magnitude 4.9 earthquake struck near the town of Giarre, Province of Catania, Italy, causing 120 deaths and destroying 223 homes, an unusually high death toll for a small magnitude event.
    The Smith–Lever Act of 1914 went into effect, allowing a national Cooperative Extension Service to be established, which allowed university agricultural departments to offer rural Americans educational programs that introduced new agricultural practices and technology.
    Paramount Pictures was formed through a partnership between the Famous Players Film Company and the Lasky Feature Play Company. It still remains the oldest operating movie studio in Hollywood.
    The Kentucky Academy of Science was formed by a group of 46 Kentucky scientists and interested laypersons, as an organization that "encourages scientific research, promotes the diffusion of scientific knowledge, and unifies the scientific interests of the Commonwealth of Kentucky." The organization presently has 700 active members.
    French aviator René Caudron made the first French shipboard takeoff in an airplane from a ramp constructed over the fore-deck of the seaplane carrier Foudre, using a Caudron G.3 amphibian floatplane.
    The association football club Con Con National was formed in Concón, Chile.
    Born: Romain Gary, Russian-French writer and diplomat, author of The Roots of Heaven and Clair de femme, in Vilnius, Russian Empire (d. 1980); Gaven Donne, New Zealand judge, presided over the 1978 Cook Islands election and uncovered electoral fraud, resulting in the conviction of Albert Henry, in Christchurch, New Zealand (d. 2010)
    Died: Seth Edulji Dinshaw, Pakistani philanthropist, founded the Lady Dufferin Hospital in Karachi as well as funded other major education and public works projects still operating in modern-day Pakistan; Isham Reavis, American judge, served as Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of Arizona Territory 1869 to 1872 (b. 1836)

May 9, 1914 (Saturday)

    U.S. President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation declaring the first national Mother's Day as a day for American citizens to show the flag in honor of those mothers whose sons had died in war. The U.S. Congress passed a law a day earlier designating the second Sunday in May as Mother's Day.
    American thoroughbred Old Rosebud won the 40th running of the Kentucky Derby by eight lengths in a time of 2:03 2/5, setting a record that would not be broken for 16 years.
    Andrew Anderson began charging passengers for 15 cents per fare for travel from the mining town of Hibbing to Alice, Minnesota using a seven-seat Hupmobile. Local businessman Carl Eric Wickman bought in to the business,and helped start a bus line service that grew to become the Greyhound Corporation in 1929.
    After months of illness, Post Foods founder C.W. Post took his own life by shooting himself with a rifle at his home in Santa Barbara, California. His 27-year-old daughter, Marjorie Merriweather Post, inherited the company along with much of her father's vast fortune, considered one of the largest at that time.
    Cricketer J. T. Hearne became the first bowler to take 3,000 first-class wickets.
    Born: Hank Snow, Canadian country musician, author of country hits "I'm Movin' On" and "The Golden Rocket", in Brooklyn, Queens County, Nova Scotia (d. 1999); Carlo Maria Giulini, Italian conductor, conducted for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, London's Philharmonia Orchestra, and the Vienna Philharmonic, in Barletta, Italy (d. 2005); Keith Robertson, American children's author, author of the popular Henry Reed series, in Dows, Iowa (d. 1991)
    Born: Theodore W. Kheel, American attorney, mediator in the 1962–63 New York City newspaper strike, in New York City (d. 2010) ; Denham Fouts, American male prostitute, literary inspiration for Truman Capote, Gore Vidal, Christopher Isherwood, and Gavin Lambert, in Jacksonville, Florida (d. 1948)
    Died: Blackburn B. Dovener, U.S. Representative for West Virginia from 1894 to 1907 (b. 1842); Paul Héroult, French scientist, inventor the aluminium electrolysis (b. 1863); William Finlay, Irish-Canadian politician, first Minister of Agriculture for the Government of Alberta (b. 1853); Arthur Cumming, British figure skater, silver medalist in the 1908 Summer Olympics (died from injuries in a motorcycle accident) (b. 1889)

May 10, 1914 (Sunday)

    General elections were completed in France, with the center-left Radical Party winning a plurality with nearly 35 percent of the popular vote and 195 of the 601 seats in the French legislative assembly.
    Robert Bartlett, captain of the shipwrecked Karluk left fellow Intuit guide Kataktovik in Emma Town, Siberia and traveled with a Russian escort for a week's journey to Emma Harbour, where he could secure passage back to Alaska and organize a rescue for the remaining Arctic expedition members on Wrangel Island.
    The monthly French newspaper Le Pays de France published its first issue to promote tourism in France. The paper was halted for two months with the outbreak of World War One before resuming as a weekly paper chronicling the battles and events of the war.
    The 1914 Copa del Rey Final was played at the Estadio de Costorbe in Irun, Spain, with Athletic Bilbao beating España de Barcelona 2-1 to become champions for the fifth time ever.
    Born: Charles McGraw, American film actor, best known for tough guy roles such The Killers, in Des Moines, Iowa (d. 1980); Gerard Louis Frey, American clergy, bishop of the Diocese of Savannah, Georgia from 1967 to 1972 and the Diocese of Lafayette, Louisiana from 1972 to 1989, in New Orleans (d. 2007); Alish Lambaranski, Azerbaijani statesman, oversaw major infrastructure projects in the region in the 1960s and 1970s, in Barda Rayon, Azerbaijan (d. 1999)
    Died: Lillian Nordica, American opera singer, performed Brünnhilde in the Ring Cycle and other famous operas (b. 1857); Ernst von Schuch, Austrian conductor, famously collaborated with composer Richard Strauss at the Dresden Court Opera (b. 1846)
    Died: William Alexander Smith, American religious leader, founder of the Christian youth organization Boys' Brigade (b. 1854); José Azueta, Mexican soldier, decorated for bravery during the United States occupation of Veracruz, died from wounds sustained in battle (b. 1895)

May 11, 1914 (Monday)

    King Alfonso XIII of Spain and his consort Queen Victoria Eugenie attended the ceremonial opening of the Church of La Concepción in Madrid.
    The Serbian Olympic Cup was played in Belgrade, with SK Velika Srbija defeating SK Šumadija Kragujevac 3-1. Footballer Alois Machek scored two of the winning goals.
    The crime drama film The Master Mind was released, directed by Oscar Apfel and Cecil B. DeMille and starring Edmund Breese. Based on the play of the same name by Daniel D. Carter, the film's plot revolves around a defense attorney's attempts to avenge the wrongful conviction of an innocent man.
    Born: Bob Atcher, American country musician, top performer of radio program National Barn Dance in Hardin County, Kentucky (d. 1993); James C. Spencer, American politician, survivor of the Bataan Death March, in Athens, Texas (d. 2009)
    Died: John C. C. Mayo, American business leader, developer of the coal mining industry in Kentucky and Virginia (b. 1864)

May 12, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Born: Bertus Aafjes, Dutch poet and author, wrote a five-book series featuring Japanese samurai Ōoka Tadasuke, in Amsterdam (d. 1993); Howard K. Smith, American journalist, one of the original Edward R. Murrow's Boys at CBS, in Ferriday, Louisiana (d. 2002)
    Born: James Bacon, author and journalist, best known for his writings on Hollywood and his biography on Jackie Gleason, in Buffalo, New York (d. 2010); Dan Daniel, American politician, U.S. Representative of Virginia from 1969 to 1988, in Chatham, Virginia (d. 1988)

May 13, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Seventeen British sailors drowned in separate sinkings on the same day. The steamer collier Turret Hill capsized in the North Sea after its cargo load shifted, with 12 men perishing, while a steamer in the English Channel struck a pilot boat and sank it, drowning another five sailors.
    Born: Phil Drabble, British author and television personality, best known for the BBC TV series One Man and His Dog (d. 2007); Joe Louis, American boxer, World Heavyweight Champion from 1937 to 1949, in LaFayette, Alabama (d. 1981)

May 14, 1914 (Thursday)

    U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signed the proclamation creating Mother's Day, the second Sunday in May, as a national holiday to honor mothers.
    The British cruiser HMS Galatea was launched at the William Beardmore and Company shipyard in Glasgow, becoming one of the most decorated naval ships in World War One.
    British aviator Norman Spratt set a British altitude record of 18,900 ft. while flying a Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.5.
    The final Sphere and Tatler Foursomes Tournament was played at the Sunningdale Golf Club in Sunningdale, England, with England's golfers Len Holland and James Batley beating Scotland's C. McIntosh and George Smith by a 5 and 4 margin. The tournament would not be held again due to the outbreak of World War One.
    The ballet Josephslegende (The Legend of Joseph), composed by Richard Strauss, premiered at the Paris Opera.
    Born: Corneliu Coposu, Romanian politician, major opponent to the Romanian Communist Party, in Bobota, Sălaj, Austria-Hungary (d. 1995); Hideko Maehata, Japanese swimmer, first Japanese female athlete to win an Olympic gold medal (1936 Summer Olympics), in Hashimoto, Wakayama, Japan (d. 1995); Robert M. Lindner, American psychologist, author of Rebel Without A Cause: The Hypnoanalysis Of A Criminal Psychopath, in New York City (d. 1956)
    Born: Mir Gul Khan Nasir, Baloch politician and poet from Pakistan, forefront of the Baloch Nationalist Movement, in Nushki, British Empire (d. 1983); Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont, French resistance fighter during World War Two, helped lead the Liberation of Paris in 1944, in Strasbourg, German Empire (d. 2006); Foy Willing, American musician, front man for the 1940s country/western band Riders of the Purple Sage, in Bosque County, Texas (d. 1978); Joaquín Pasos, Nicaraguan poet, best known for his long poem Canto de guerra de las cosas (The song of the war of things), in Granada, Nicaragua (d. 1947)

May 15, 1914 (Friday)

    Sergeant Patrick N. Cullom of the Colorado National Guard testified in a military court martial that soldiers in his company had shot and killed labor activist Louis Tikas and two other fellow strikers while they tried to escape during the Ludlow Massacre in April.
    The first of three Werkbund Exhibitions was held at Rheinpark in Cologne, Germany. Among the most famous architectural feature showcased was Bruno Taut's Glass Pavilion, Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer's model factory, and Henri van de Velde's model theatre.
    The Baltic Exhibition opened in Malmö, Sweden to showcase the industry, art and culture of Sweden, Denmark, Germany and Russia — the four countries then bordering the Baltic Sea.
    The Abington Memorial Hospital in Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania opened, and is now one the largest hospitals in the northern Philadelphia suburbs.
    The comedic opera Mârouf, savetier du Caire by French composer Henri Rabaud debuted at the Opéra-Comique in Paris and became Raboud's most popular opera.
    Born: Angus MacLean, Canadian politician, 25th Premier of Prince Edward Island, in Lewes, Prince Edward Island (d. 2000); Norrie Paramor, British recording producer, best known to producing hits for artists such as Cliff Richard and Elton John, in London (d. 1979)
    Died: Yitzhak Isaac Halevy Rabinowitz, Polish Jew rabbi, founder of the Agudath Israel organization (b. 1847); Frederick Debartzch Monk, Canadian politician, Member of Parliament for the House of Commons of Canada from 1896 to 1914 (b. 1856); Berndt Lindholm, Swedish-Finnish painter, well-known landscape artist with the Düsseldorf school of painting (b. 1841)

May 16, 1914 (Saturday)

    Karluk captain Robert Bartlett arrived in Emma Harbour and would rendezvous five days later with the whaler ship Herman to set out for Alaska.
    The National Challenge Cup association football final was played in Pawtucket, Rhode Island before a crowd of 10,000 spectators between two opposing Brooklyn football clubs. The Brooklyn Field Club beat Brooklyn Celtic 2-1, with Percy Adamson and James Ford scoring goals for Field Club against the single goal by Thomas Campion of Celtic.
    Born: Edward T. Hall, American anthropologist, developed the concept of social cohesion, in Webster Groves, Missouri (d. 2009); Eric Coy, English-Canadian athlete, represented Canada at the 1948 Summer Olympics in discus and shot put, in Nottingham, England (d. 1985); Reg Hill, British television producer, known for producing the 1960s puppet TV series Thunderbirds (d. 1999)
    Died: Pyotr Dmitrievich Sviatopolk-Mirsky, Russian noble, served as Minister of Interior during the infamous 1905 Bloody Sunday massacre in Moscow (b. 1857)

May 17, 1914 (Sunday)

    The countries of Albania and Northern Epirus signed an agreement that recognized Northern Epirus as a self-governing region under the sovereignty of newly established Principality of Albania, known as the Protocol of Corfu.
    Canadian Northern Railway acquired Canadian Northern Ontario Railway.
    The situation for survivors of the Karluk shipwreck on Wrangel Island took a dire turn after Captain Robert Bartlett left the group to seek help. Geologist George Malloch died from nephritis (from eating bad pemmican) and tent companion Bjarn Mamen, stricken with the same disease, was too ill to bury him. Malloch's body remained in the tent for several days before expedition member William McKinlay and others came to bury him (Barlett had ordered the group to be spread out around the island to increase hunting areas for the summer). Mamen died from the same disease 10 days later.
    The film Home, Sweet Home, directed by D. W. Griffith and based on the life of American poet John Howard Payne, was released to film audiences. The film starred Henry B. Walthall as Payne, who would also appear in Griffith's ground-breaking Civil War epic The Birth of a Nation the following year.
    Born: Stewart Alsop, American journalist, columnist for the Saturday Evening Post and Newsweek, in Avon, Connecticut (d. 1974); Thomas Gray, Royal Air Force pilot during World War Two, recipient of the Victoria Cross, in Urchfont, England, (d. 1940, killed in action)
    Died: Ivan Borgman, Russian physicist, demonstrated that X-rays and radioactive materials induced thermoluminescence (b. 1849)

May 18, 1914 (Monday)

    Governor-General of the Philippines Francis Burton Harrison signed an executive order to establish 6,675.56 hectares (16,495.7 acres) of saline springs and forested mountains as part of the Salinas Forest Reserve (later proclaimed the Salinas Natural Monument in 2000).
    Born: Alla Bayanova, Russian singer, often cited the Russian equivalent to Édith Piaf, in Kishinev (now Chișinău), Russian Empire (d. 2011); Boris Christoff, Bulgarian opera singer, considered one of the greatest basses of the 20th century, in Plovdiv, Bulgaria (d. 1993); Leslie Yoxall, English code breaker in World War Two, devised a method to assist in solving the Enigma code, in Salford, Greater Manchester, England (d. 2005); Catherine Dean May, American politician, first woman elected to U.S. Congress from Washington, from 1959 to 1971, in Yakima, Washington (d. 2004)
    Born: Pierre Balmain, French fashion designer, founder of the fashion house Balmain, in Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, France (d. 1982); Marcel Bernard, French tennis player, five time winner of the French Open, in La Madeleine, Nord, France (d. 1994); Cacilda Borges Barbosa, Brazilian composer, electronic music pioneer, in Rio de Janeiro (d. 2010); Georg von Tiesenhausen, German-American rocket scientist, designer of the Lunar Rover, in Riga, Latvia (still alive as of 2014)
    Died: Edward R. Ayrton, English Egyptologist and archaeologist, discovered many of the tombs in the Valley of the Kings (drowned) (b. 1882); Charles Sprague Pearce, American painter, painted such works as The Decapitation of St John the Baptist (1881) (b. 1851); Charles Carter Drury, Canadian naval officer, earned title Second Sea Lord in 1903 (b. 1846)

May 19, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Albanian interior minister Essad Pasha Toptani, former military officer with the Ottoman Empire and one of the principal organizers of the Albanian Revolt of 1912, surrendered to armed forces under Dutch gendarmerie officer Johan Sluys after shelling Toptani's house in Durrës, Albania. Toptani had been accused of leading a peasant revolt against the rule of Prince William of Albania. He was exiled to Rome the next day without trial.
    Tragedy struck following the completion of the Junior motorcycle road race at the 1914 Isle of Man Tourist Trophy. Irish newcomer Frederick James Walker has been leading when he wiped out on his Royal Enfield, allowing competing English racers Eric and Cyril Williams to pass him and win first and second places respectively. Walker remounted and completed the race to finish third, despite two more accidents. However, spectators spilling onto the road to watch the first two riders come in obscured his view of the finish line, causing Walker to continue past the judges box at full racing speed to the St. Ninians Crossroads where he collided with a wooden barrier in Ballaquayle Road. The racer was thrown from his motorcycle, sustaining injuries that he succumbed to later in hospital. The race committee posthumously declared Walker a third-place finish.
    Born: Max Perutz, Austrian-British molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1962, in Vienna (d. 2002); Alex Shibicky, Canadian hockey player, played forward for the New York Rangers from 1935 to 1946, in Winnipeg (d. 2005)
    Born: Beverly Roberts, American film actress, known for roles in Two Against the World, in New York City (d. 2009); Bob Switzer, American inventor, co-created Day-Glo fluorescent paint with brother Joe Switzer, in Fromberg, Montana (d. 1997); Maurice Rapf, American screenwriter, co-founder of the Screen Writers Guild, in Hanover, New Hampshire (d. 2003)
    Died: Pierre-Paul Guieysse, French politician, served as Minister of the Colonies from 1885 to 1896 (b. 1841); William Aldis Wright, English writer and editor, one of the chief editors of Shakespeare's plays for the Oxford University Press (b. 1831)

May 20, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Niagara Falls peace conference — Envoys from South American countries Argentina, Brazil and Chile met with representatives from the U.S. Government in Niagara Falls, Ontario, for diplomatic negotiations in order to avoid war between the United States and Mexico, in response to deteriorating relations between the two countries due to the Tampico Affair during the Mexican Revolution.
    Born: Avraham Shapira, head of the Rabbinical court of Jerusalem and the Supreme Rabbinic Court; Rosh yeshiva of Mercaz HaRav, in Jerusalem (d. 2007); Bill Young, American football player, offensive lineman for the Washington Redskins from 1937 to 1943, in North Little Rock, Arkansas (d. 1994); Ben Graf Henneke, American academic, president of the University of Tulsa from 1958 to 1967, in St. Louis (d. 2009)

May 21, 1914 (Thursday)

    The Senior motorcycle road race day at the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy competition finished with Cyril Pullin placing first while Howard R Davies and Oliver Godfrey, the winner of the 1911 TT, both finished second in a dead heat.
    The Chilean Athletics Federation (Federación Atlética de Chile) was founded.
    Born: Oton Gliha, Croatian artist, best known for his series of abstract paintings based on the patterns of the drystone walls of coastal Croatia, in Črnomelj, Austria-Hungary (d. 1999)
    Died: Francis Laking, British physician, personal physician to British monarchs Queen Victoria, King Edward VII and King George V (b. 1847); Orange Jacobs, American politician, U.S. Representative for the Washington Territory from 1875 to 1879 (b. 1827)

May 22, 1914 (Friday)

    German master chess player Emanuel Lasker overtook Cuban master José Raúl Capablanca by a half-point (13½ to 13) to win the St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament.
    Born: Vance Packard, American journalist and writer, author of The Hidden Persuaders, in Granville Township, Bradford County, Pennsylvania (d. 1996); Sun Ra, American jazz musician and composer, major figure in avant-garde jazz, in Birmingham, Alabama (d. 1993); Michael Kennelly, Irish-American clergy, founder of the Strake Jesuit College Preparatory in Houston, in Kilbaha, Ireland (d. 2011)
    Born: Edward Arthur Thompson, British medieval historian, director of the classics department at the University of Nottingham, in Waterford, Ireland (d. 1994); Adolf Pilch, Polish resistance fighter in World War Two, led a special forces unit against German occupation in Poland in 1943 to 1945, in Wisła, Poland (d. 2000)
    Died: William Jackson Worthington, 26th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky from 1895 to 1899 (b. 1833)

May 23, 1914 (Saturday)

    Komagata Maru incident — The Japanese steamship SS Komagata Maru entered Canadian waters and arrived at Burrard Inlet, British Columbia (near Vancouver). Richard McBride, Premier of British Columbia released a statement that passengers could not disembark until the matter was decided by the Canadian federal government, forcing the ship to anchor some 200 meters offshore.
    Major P.J. Hamrock of the Colorado National Guard declared during a military court martial in Denver full responsibility for the action of soldiers under his command during the Ludlow Massacre. Some 39 officers and enlisted men were tried following a clash between state and militia on April 20 and instigated the Colorado Coalfield War.
    Aviation pioneer Gustav Hamel, credited for delivering the first airmail, disappeared while flying over the English Channel in new 80 hp Gnome Monosoupape engined Morane-Saulnier monoplane he had collected to compete with in the Aerial Derby scheduled the same day. A body matching his description was found in the Channel about two months later.
    Died: William O'Connell Bradley, 32nd Governor of Kentucky from 1895 till 1899 (b. 1847)

May 24, 1914 (Sunday)

    Belgium held a general election, with the Catholic Party winning a majority 41 out of 88 seats in the Chamber of Representatives.
    Karluk captain Robert Bartlett arrived at Nome, Alaska on the whaler Herman but thick ice prevented the ship from reaching port. After three days, the ship turned south and landed at St Michael, where Bartlett sent a radio message to Ottawa informing the Canadian government of Karluk's fate.
    The 6th Giro d'Italia cycling race started in Milan with 81 cyclists competing in stages to Cuneo and back to Milan for a total racing distance of 3,162 km (1,965 mi).
    The América Foot-Ball Club (PR) was established in Curitiba, Brazil and would be active for 10 years before dissolving in 1924.
    The Bulgarian association football club PFC Levski Sofia was formed, with the club named in honor of Vasil Levski, a Bulgarian revolutionary renowned as a national hero.
    The Empire Cricket Club was established in Barbados, named after the holiday to commemorate the Commonwealth of Nations, by disaffected members of the Spartan Cricket Club after it refused membership to Barbadian cricketer Herman Griffith because of his lower class status.
    Born: Arthur A. Link, American politician, 27th Governor of North Dakota, in Alexander, North Dakota (d. 2010); Lilli Palmer, German film actress, best known for lead roles in The Four Poster and The Story of Anastasia, in Poznań, Prussia (d. 1986); Hedley Donovan, American news editor, editor-in-chief of Time Inc. from 1964 to 1979, in Brainerd, Minnesota (d. 1990); Viktor Eberhard Gräbner, German military officer for the Waffen-SS in World War Two, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Leipzig (d. 1944, killed in action at the Battle of Arnhem)
    Born: George Tabori, Hungarian writer and theater director, author of the plays The Cannibals and Pinkville in Budapest (d. 2007); Granville Beynon, Welsh physicist, worked with Edward Victor Appleton in researching the effect the ionosphere had on radio and radar, in Dunvant, Swansea, Wales (d. 1996); Harry Parr-Davies, Welsh composer songwriter, known for popular hits such as "Wish Me Luck as You Wave Me Goodbye," in Briton Ferry, Wales ( d. 1955)
    Died: Herman Teodor Holmgren, Swedish architect, designer of the University Hall of Uppsala University (b. 1842); Pompiliu Eliade, Romanian literary historian, chairman of the National Theatre Bucharest from 1908 to 1911 (b. 1869)

May 25, 1914 (Monday)

    The United Kingdom's House of Commons passed Irish Home Rule.
    Pope Pius X created 25 cardinals.
    The National University of Tucumán was founded in San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
    The Chilean destroyer Almirante Goni was launched by J. Samuel White in Cowes, Isle of Wight but at the start of World War One was purchased by the British Royal Navy and renamed HMS Broke.
    The fraternity Pi Mu Epsilon was founded at Syracuse University in New York by Professor Edward Drake Roe, Jr., with a mission to promote the study of mathematics and recognize students who successfully pursued mathematical understanding.
    Born: Frederick Howard Buller, Canadian aeronautical engineer, designer of noteworthy aircraft for de Havilland including the Otter, Twin Otter, Chipmunk and Caribou, in Vancouver (d. 1994); William Gardner, English coin designer, most notably the British 20 Pence Coin, in Newcastle upon Tyne, England (d. 2000);
    Born: Anita Magsaysay-Ho, Filipino painter, only female member of the Thirteen Moderns in the Philippines, in Manila (d. 2012); Wang Shixiang, Chinese cultural researcher, publisher of over 40 books on tradition Chinese culture and artifacts, Beijing (d. 2009)
    Died: Charles G. Bennett, U.S. Representative for New York's 5th District from 1895 to 1899 (b. 1863); Ferenc Kossuth, Hungarian politician, served at Minister of Trade for Hungary from 1906 to 1910 (b. 1841)

May 26, 1914 (Tuesday)

    A magnitude 7.9 earthquake struck off the northern coast of Papua, Indonesia, generating a tsunami that killed at least 101 people and destroyed many homes.
    Former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, still weak from disease contracted while in South America, spoke to the National Geographic Society in Washington, D.C. about the expedition to the "River of Doubt" in the Amazon. Doubts from the science community surfaced that he and fellow explorer Cândido Rondon did not actually discover the river, but Roosevelt was able to dispel most of them by meeting with National Geographic and later with the Royal Geographical Society in June.
    Three Bosnian-Serb youth Gavrilo Princip, Trifko Grabež, and Nedeljko Čabrinović were supplied weapons and training by Serbian Major Vojislav Tankosić, a member of the secret Serbian military society Black Hand, in order to target and assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, who was scheduled to inspect military maneuvers in Sarajevo in June.
    The Navarre railway line officially opened in Australia and would operate until 1954.
    Born: Frankie Manning, American choreographer and dancer, one of the developers of the Lindy Hop, in Jacksonville, Florida (d. 2009); Ziggy Elman, American jazz trumpeter, best known for his work with Benny Goodman, in Philadelphia (d. 1968)
    Born: Geoffrey Unsworth, British cinematographer, best known for innovative visual effects in 2001: A Space Odyssey and Superman, in Atherton, Greater Manchester, England (d. 1978); Frederick Hanson, Australian police offer, served as Commissioner of the New South Wales Police from 1972 to 1976, in Orange, New South Wales (d. 1980); Robert Skene, British polo player, inductee in the Museum of Polo and Hall of Fame, in Assam, British India (d. 1997)
    Died: Jacob Riis, Danish-American journalist and social reformer, city editor for the New-York Tribune (b. 1849); Juice Latham, American baseball player, first baseman and manager for the London Tecumsehs (b. 1852)

May 27, 1914 (Wednesday)

    The Governor General of Canada hosted a royal garden party at the King Edward Hotel in Niagara Falls, Ontario to attending envoys from the United States, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil and Chile to celebrate successful negotiations at the Niagara Falls peace conference.
    British mystery writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes, arrived in New York City with his second wife Jean on the ocean liner RMS Olympic. Doyle had visited the United States 20 years earlier while it was the first for Jean. Along with New York, the couple's seven-week excursion included Canada, first to Montreal and then to Banff National Park which Doyle visited 20 years earlier. During his New York visit, news reporters asked his opinions on various contemporary issues including Irish Home Rule, American prison conditions, women's suffrage, and the recently completed Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition.
    The Memorial Building in Topeka, Kansas — a Grand Army of the Republic hall — was completed and dedicated to Union veterans of the American Civil War before 25,000 people.
    Born: Hugh Le Caine, Canadian composer, pioneer in electronic music, in Port Arthur, Ontario (d. 1977); Katherine Butler, Irish nun for the Religious Sisters of Charity, first woman in Ireland to earn a pilot's licence, in Dublin (d. 2000)

May 28, 1914 (Thursday)

    Nobel Prize winning Swedish author Selma Lagerlöf became the first woman to be inducted to the Swedish Academy (as well as the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature).
    Two suffragists slipped past sentries at Buckingham Palace in London and managed to smash two windows before escaping arrest. The window-smashing was part of vandalism campaign by suffragists to protest the House of Lords voting down a bill two weeks earlier that would have given British women the right to vote.
    Born: W. G. G. Duncan Smith, British World War II pilot, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order and Bar for bravery, in Madras, India (d. 1996); Fabri Salcedo, Spanish-American association football player, two League Title champions for the American Soccer League, in Santander, Spain (d. 1985)
    Died: Joseph Swan, British physicist, inventor of the incandescent light bulb (b. 1828)

May 29, 1914 (Friday)

    The ocean liner RMS Empress of Ireland collided with Norwegian collier SS Storstad and sank in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, with 1,012 out of the 1,477 passengers and crew lost. Despite sinking only a few hundred yards from shore with a distress signal wired within seconds of the collision, the ship listed to one side, rendering half of the lifeboats useless while heavy fog delayed rescue boats by a crucial 20 minutes.
    Norwegian sports clubs for association football, team handball, and floorball from various neighborhoods in Oslo joined to form Djerv. The club added badminton, Nordic skiing, bandy, and track and field programs in later years, changing its name again. A merger with another club in 2005 led to the club's present title Bygdø Monolitten IL.
    Born: Tenzing Norgay, Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer, first man, along with Edmund Hillary, to reach the summit of Mount Everest, in Khumbu, Nepal (d. 1986)
    Died: Laurence Irving, British playwright and novelist, author of the play Typhoon (drowned with wife Mabel in RMS Empress of Ireland sinking) (b. 1871); Henry Seton-Karr, British explorer and politician, Member of Parliament for St Helens from 1885 to 1906 (drowned in RMS Empress of Ireland sinking) (b. 1853); Joseph Gérard, French Catholic missionary, chiefly worked among the Basotho people in colonial South Africa, beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1988 (b. 1831)

May 30, 1914 (Saturday)

    The ocean liner RMS Aquitania made her maiden voyage from Liverpool to New York City.
    The hit Broadway musical Adele by Adolf Philipp made its West End debuted in London at the Gaiety Theatre.
    René Thomas of France won the fourth running of the Indianapolis 500 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in a Delage Type Y race car.
    The inaugural season of the South Coast Rugby League in Australia (now the Group 7 Rugby League) started with the Kiama Knights competing and winning a 6-3 home game at Kiama Showground against the Gerringong Lions.[100]
    Born: Akinoumi Setsuo, Japanese champion sumo wrestler, broke fellow competitor Futabayama Sadaji's 69-bout winning streak in 1939, in Hiroshima (d. 1979)

May 31, 1914 (Sunday)

    State mine inspectors assessed the total casualties from the Colorado Coalfield War since miners went on strike in 1913, with 66 dead and 48 wounded in battles between strikers and mine militia. Twenty people, including 12 children, died in the Ludlow Massacre on April 20, and 46 more were killed in clashes the following 10 days until federal troops intervened. Financial losses for the state's economy were estimated between $10 million and $12 million. The United Mine Workers of America reported the number of striking workers fell from 11,000 to 8,500, with many leaving the state as opposed to going back to work.
    The Golden Jubilee celebrations of Elmfield College, which was founded fifty years previously.
    The 1914 German football championship was held in Magdeburg, Germany with 6,000 in attendance. The club SpVgg Greuther Fürth beat VfB Leipzig 3-2 with Karl Franz scoring the winning goal.
    Auto racer Willy Scholl of Germany won the second Russian Grand Prix in St. Petersburg, driving a Benz with a winning time of 2:23:54.6. The outbreak of World War One put an end to the racing event until it was revived in 2014.
    Born: Akira Ifukube, Japanese classical music/film composer, best known for composing soundtracks to the Godzilla movies by Toho, in Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan (d. 2006); Edmund S. Valtman, Estonian-American political cartoonist, winner of the 1962 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning, in Tallinn, Estonia (d. 2005)
    Died: Angelo Moriondo, Italian businessman, inventor of the espresso coffee machine (b. 1851)





June 1, 1914 (Monday)

    Cardinal John Murphy Farley, Archbishop of New York met with Pope Pius X. Concerns were made about the Pontiff's health, but Farley declared, "The Pope will undoubtedly live ten more years, with the same vigor, brightness, and profound intelligence." (Pius passed away on August 20).
    Nineteen-year old Gavrilo Princip and 18-year old Trifko Grabež, Serbian nationalists recruited by the Black Hand to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, crossed over the Drina River from Serbia to Bosnia.
    The Americano Futebol Clube was founded in Rio de Janeiro, and became one of the Brazilian state's most successful football clubs.
    The Fairmont Palliser Hotel opened in downtown Calgary, and remains the Canadian city's oldest-operating luxury hotel.
    Born: George Sayer, British academic, best known for his biography on C.S. Lewis, in Bradfield, Berkshire, England (d. 2005)
    Died: Árpád Feszty, Hungarian painter, known for historic and religious paintings such as Arrival of the Hungarians (b. 1856)

June 2, 1914 (Tuesday)

    A major fire swept through Creagerstown, Maryland destroying about 30 buildings including the town hall, and causing somewhere between $60,000 and $70,000 worth of damages. A spark accidentally set off in the town's local creamery ignited the roof, and strong winds fanned the flames across the street and from roof to roof. The town had no fire department at the time to put out the fire. Despite rebuilding many homes in the following decade, the town never fully recovered from the disaster
    The Rio Branco Football Club was founded Fortaleza, Brazil, but one year later its name was changed to its current title Ceará Sporting Club.
    Born: George Hitchcock, American poet, editor and publisher of Kayak, in Hood River, Oregon (d. 2010)

June 3, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Kid Williams defeated Johnny Coulon by a third round knockout at Vernon, California, to win the World Bantamweight Championship. He held onto the title until 1917.
    Born: Joel Eaves, American college basketball player and coach, coach for the Auburn Tigers of Auburn University from 1949 to 1963, in Copperhill, Tennessee (d. 1991); Reg Grant, Royal New Zealand Air Force World War Two pilot, in Woodville, New Zealand (d. 1944, killed in a plane crash)
    Born: Karel Kaers, Belgian cyclist, won the 1934 UCI Road World Championships at age 20, the youngest world road champion ever to win, in Vosselaar, Belgium (d. 1972); Curley Williams, American country and western musician, best known for the 1951 hit "Half as Much", in Cairo, Georgia (d. 1970)
    Born: Ediriweera Sarachchandra, Sri Lankan playwright and author, known for Sinhalese language plays as Maname and Nadagam, in Galle, Sri Lanka (d. 1996); William Vale, British Royal Air Force pilot during World War Two, second most ranked kills after Pat Pattle, in Chatham, Kent, England (d. 1981)

June 4, 1914 (Thursday)

    Thousands of Quebec City residents lined the streets for the funeral of 12 of the victims in the sinking of the RMS Empress of Ireland on May 29. A private funeral for Henry Seton-Karr was also held in the city, based on wishes that should he perish abroad, his remains should be interred where he died.
    The sports club Surahammars IF was officially founded in Surahammar, Sweden, then offering ice hockey, bandy and association football. The club shifted their focus to ice hockey and began producing renowned hockey players such as Ronald Pettersson, Tommy Salo, and Stig-Göran Johansson.
    Born: Alec Skempton, English pioneer of soil science and engineering historian, in Northampton, England (d. 2001)
    Died: Sir William Anson, 3rd Baronet, British politician, Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Education from 1902 to 1905 (b. 1843)

June 5, 1914 (Friday)

    The Salvation Army held a memorial in London for 159 members who died during the sinking RMS Empress of Ireland on May 29 (another eight had survived). An estimated 10,000 Salvation members attended the memorial in Albert Hall.
    Barely a year after it was launched, the Russian Yiddish weekly newspaper Di Tsayt (The Times) was shut down by the Russian government, with the last paper distributed on June 5. However, journalists revived the paper again two weeks later under a different name Undzer Tsayt (Our Time) and lasted for another four weeks before it was shut down again.
    Born: Estelle Reiner, American actress and singer, wife to Carl Reiner and mother of Rob Reiner, famous for delivering the punchline "I'll have what she's having" in When Harry Met Sally, in New York City (d. 2008); Stan Jones, American songwriter, beat known for the country music hit "Ghost Riders in the Sky", in Douglas, Arizona (d. 1963)

June 6, 1914 (Saturday)

    Italian rider Alfonso Calzolari won the 6th Giro d'Italia cycling race in Milan, with fellow Italian riders Pierino Albini and Luigi Lucotti coming in second and third place respectively. It was one of the hardest races in the event's history, with only eight out of the original 81 contenders completing the race.
    American aviator Walter L. Brock won the London Aerial Derby by flying a Morane-Saulnier G. The Derby was originally scheduled on May 23 but delayed due to poor weather. British aviator Gustav Hamel was supposed to have competed in the aerial competition when he disappeared the same day over the English Channel.
    An estimated 60,000 schoolchildren and their parents attended Fenway Park in Boston to greet the circus elephants Mollie, Waddy and Tony that the children purchased for the Franklin Park Zoo by donating their savings of pennies, nickels and dimes. Along with the elephants, the event included clowns, acrobats, a marching band and a Theodore Roosevelt impersonator clad in a safari outfit.
    Born: Iris du Pré, British pianist, mother of Jacqueline du Pré and Hilary du Pré, in Devon, England (d. 1985); H. Adams Carter, American mountaineer, journalist, educator, editor of the editor of the American Alpine Journal from 1960 to 1995, in Newton, Massachusetts (d. 1995); Frank Lake, British clergy, founder of the Clinical Theology Association, in Aughton, Lancashire, England (d. 1982); Zhang Jingfu, Chinese politician, director of the Director of the National Economy Commission from 1982 to 1987, in Feidong County, Anhui, China (d. 2015)
    Died: Theodore Watts-Dunton, English critic and poet, major contributor to The Examiner and the Athenaeum magazine from 1875 until 1898, contributed the major article on Poetry in the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (b. 1832)

June 7, 1914 (Sunday)

    Red Week – Massive demonstrations of workers and peasants protesting militarism in Ancona and Marcas, Italy led to clashes with soldiers sent by the government to suppress them, resulting in the deaths of three protesters and more violence for seven days.
    Buckingham Palace in London was breached again, just weeks after British suffragists broke some of its windows. Henry Pike, a motor engineer, in the early morning hours managed to scale over the iron fence and slip past the palace guard before entering the palace through a basement window. Pike wandered through several chambers where he changed into the suit of one of palace's servants and stole a silver cigarette case and walking stick. He was apprehended by staff after wandering into one of the page's quarters and turned over to police. Pike said he had been drunk at the time he trespassed. The palace guard immediately ordered a review of its security procedures.
    The film drama The Wrath of the Gods, directed by Reginald Barker, was the first major American film to feature a cross-cultural love story — between an American sailor (Frank Borzage) and the daughter of a Japanese noble (Tsuru Aoki). The film's criticism of traditional Japanese culture resulted in the film being banned after its premier in Japan in 1918.
    Born: Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, Indian film director, known for award-winning films such as Shehar Aur Sapna and Saat Hindustani, in Panipat, British India (d. 1987)

June 8, 1914 (Monday)

    Two of Brazil's most prominent sports organizations, the Brazilian Football Confederation and the Brazilian Olympic Committee were both founded on the same day.
    The first meeting of The Girl Guides Association of Trinidad and Tobago was held at the Saint Ann's Church hall on Oxford Street, Port-of-Spain by the wife of the church's Methodist minister. By Christmas of that year, there were four companies with a total of 100 Guides and nine leaders. The national chapter became a full member of World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts in 1963 and now serves over 3,000 members.
    Born: Ivy May Pearce, Australian pilot, first women in the southern hemisphere to earn a pilot's licence (d. 1998)

June 9, 1914 (Tuesday)

    The USS Zeppelin was launched by Bremer Vulkan at Bremen-Vegesack, Germany. Initially designed to be a passenger cruise ship, the USS Zeppelin was commissioned as a troop ship in 1915 during World War One. She resumed as a cruise ship under the United Kingdom in 1920.
    Using a ramp constructed over the foredeck of the seaplane carrier Foudre, French Navy Lieutenant de Vaisseau Jean de Laborde attempted France's second airplane takeoff from a ship and the first by a French naval aviator, but crashed.
    Pittsburgh Pirate Honus Wagner became the first baseball player in the 20th century with 3000 career hits.
    Born: Richard T. Hanna, American politician, U.S. Representative from California from 1963 to 1974, one of 10 Democract Congress members involved in the 1976 Koreagate scandal, in Kemmerer, Wyoming (d. 2001)

June 10, 1914 (Wednesday)

    The American racing yacht Resolute beat competitors Vanitie and Defiance in selection trials for the 1914 America's Cup with a course record of 30 miles in 3:16:41. However, the outbreak World War One prevented the races to be postponed, and the America Cup competition did not resume until 1920.
    Born: Trammell Crow, American real estate developer, credited for creating major real estate projects including the Dallas Market Center, Peachtree Center in Atlanta, and the Embarcadero Center in San Francisco, in Dallas (d. 2009); Oktay Rıfat Horozcu, Turkish poet, founder of the Garip movement in Turkey, in Trabzon, Turkey (d. 1988)
    Died: Saint Abraam, Bishop of Faiyum, canonized as Coptic Orthodox saint in 1964 (b. 1829); Willie Hammerstein, American theater manager, managed the Victoria Theatre on Times Square in Manhattan, father to Oscar Hammerstein II (b. 1874)

June 11, 1914 (Thursday)

    The United States Senate passed a repeal of the provision in the Panama Canal Act that exempted American vessels from tolls by a vote of 50-35.
    Kermit Roosevelt, son of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt married Belle Wyatt Willard, a daughter of the U.S. Ambassador to Spain, at a ceremony in Madrid.
    Born: Gerald Mohr, American radio and film actor, made more than 500 appearances in radio roles throughout the 1930s, 1940s and early 1950s, in New York City (d. 1968); Jeanette Williams, American politician and women's rights activist, served on the Seattle City Council from 1969 to 1989, in Seattle (d. 2008)
    Died: Adolf Friedrich V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prussian noble, major military leader in the Franco-Prussian War (b. 1848)

June 12, 1914 (Friday)

    Greek genocide – Some 100 Ottoman Greeks in Phocaea were massacred by Turkish irregular troops.
    The cabinet under French Prime Minister Alexandre Ribot dissolved almost on the same day it was formed, after the Chamber of Deputies refused to pass a vote of confidence.
    The oldest message in a bottle, according to the Guinness Book of World Records, was a scientific message in a drift bottle released by a sea captain for the Fishery Board for Scotland at 60 14.00'N 002 22.00'W. It was recovered by a fishing vessel at 59 33.60'N 002 04.20'W on July 25, 2013, 99 years and 43 days since its release.
    Born: Go Seigen, Chinese-Japanese master of the ancient Chinese game of Go, in Minhou County, Fujian, China (d. 2014); William Lamplough, British archaeologist, key excavator and researcher in the North York Moors Barrow Excavations, in Driffield, England (d. 1996)
    Born: Baselios Paulose II, second Catholicos/Maphrian of the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church (Syriac Orthodox Church of India) from 1975 to 1996, in Kandanad, India (d. 1996); Roger Rowley, Canadian army officer during World War Two, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order for his role in liberating Boulogne-sur-Mer, France in 1944, in Ottawa (d. 2007)

June 13, 1914 (Saturday)

    Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany concluded his visit with Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria after they discussed the tenuous balance of power in the Balkans, as the Archduke was scheduled later that month to visit military expansion efforts in region.
    René Viviani was appointed to become the 81st Prime Minister of France after receiving a vote of confidence of 370 to 137 by the French National Assembly.
    Australasian Films released its first film feature The Shepherd of the Southern Cross which starred Vera Pearce as noblewoman caught in a love triangle while in Australia. Unfortunately, the film was a box office failure and film director Charles Cozens Spencer was forced to leave the company. The film is now considered lost.
    Born: Frederic Franklin, British-American ballet dancer and choreographer, co-founder and artistic director of the National Ballet of Washington, D.C., in Liverpool (d. 2013)

June 14, 1914 (Sunday)

    Red Week – Order was mostly restored in Ancona and other Italian cities after a week if civil unrest following protests against alleged militarism in Italy's government.[33]
    Austro-Hungarian foreign minister Count Leopold Berchtold released a memo suggesting the end of Serbia as a nation was necessary to preserve the balance of power in the Balkans.
    Distraught over the progress of a custody battle for his nine-year-old daughter, Ernest E. West, former head coach and player of Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, shot himself in his hotel room in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He survived the injury but passed away within a month from kidney failure.
    The América Futebol Clube was founded in Joinville, Brazil, becoming the five time state champion of Santa Catarina.
    Born: Princess Maria de la Esperanza of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, youngest daughter of Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and his wife Princess Louise of Orléans, in Madrid (d. 2005); Chil Rajchman, Polish-Jewish Holocaust survivor, escaped from the Treblinka extermination camp in 1943, in Łódź, Poland (d. 2004); Ruthven Todd, Scottish poet and author, best known for his Space Cat series for children in the 1950s and his editorial work on English Romantic poet William Blake, in Edinburgh (d. 1978)
    Died: Adlai E. Stevenson, 23rd Vice President of the United States under Grover Cleveland from 1893 to 1897 (b. 1835)

June 15, 1914 (Monday)

    Fourteen people die in Paris, most of them public workers, when a massive thunderstorm overwhelmed the city's storm sewer system and caused major flooding in the streets.
    Major Lodewijk Thomson of the International Gendarmerie, law enforcement agency of the Principality of Albania, was killed by a suspected sniper during fighting around the port of Durrës, the first time a Dutch soldier was killed during a peacekeeping mission.
    James Joyce's short story anthology The Dubliners was published in London.
    Born: Louis Edwards, chairman of Manchester United from 1965 to 1980, in Salford, Greater Manchester, England (d. 1980); Yuri Andropov, Soviet politician and the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1982 to 1984 (d. 1984)
    Born: Saul Steinberg, Romanian-American cartoonist and illustrator, best known for his work View of the World from 9th Avenue in The New Yorker, in Râmnicu Sărat, Romania (d. 1999); Terence Otway, British military officer, commanded the paratroop assault on the Merville Battery on D-Day, in Cairo (d. 2006)

June 16, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Fourth Battle of Topolobampo — Mexican federal gunboat Guerrero clashed with the mutinous Tampico gunboat, now with the Constitutionalists, in the Gulf of California off the shore of Topolobampo, Mexico. The Guerrero was able to hit the deck of Tampico and cause it to catch fire, forcing Captain Hilario Malpica of the Tampico to order the ship to be abandoned while under the cover fire of the gunboat's last operating deck gun. Nearby U.S. naval ships observing the battle — USS New Orleans and USS Preble — picked up six of the surviving crew while Guerrero captured the rest as they fled in lifeboats. Rather than surrender, Malpica shot himself. In total, five Tampico men include Malpica died in the battle, and another 30 crew were wounded. The ship itself completely sank by midnight.
    A Commission of Inquiry on the collision between the ocean liner RMS Empress of Ireland and the Norwegian collier SS Storstad that resulted in the liner sinking began in Quebec City. The inquiry was presided over by John Bigham, 1st Viscount Mersey, who also presided over the official inquiry in the sinking of the RMS Titanic.
    Indian nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak was released from prison in Mandalay, Burma after serving a six-year sentence for sedition.
    Born: Lucien Rivard, Canadian mobster, famous for breaking out of prison in 1965 and evading capture of four months (d. 2002); Larbi Benbarek, Moroccan football player, first successful African player in Europe, in Casablanca (d. 1992); Lúdvik Jósepsson, Icelandic politician, fisheries minister from 1956 to 1958 and 1971 to 1974, key player in the Cod Wars, in Neskaupstaður, Iceland (d. 1994)
    Died: William B. Hornblower, American judge, 1893 nominee to the United States Supreme Court (b. 1851)

June 17, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Bai Lang Rebellion — Rebel bandit leader Bai Lang, nicknamed by foreign press as the "White Wolf", broke through a blockade of 5,000 Chinese Army regulars with 1,000 of his men in the mountains south of Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
    The British hospital ship RFA Maine ran aground in thick fog off the coast of Isle of Mull, Scotland. All crew were rescued but the damage was too great for repair, and the ship was sold as scrap in July.
    Born: Julián Marías, Spanish philosopher, member of Generation of '36 movement and author of History of Philosophy (1941), in Valladolid, Spain (d. 2005); Kenneth Setton, American medieval historian and author, known for multi-volume histories such as The Papacy and the Levant and A History of the Crusades, in New Bedford, Massachusetts (d. 1995)
    Born: Pauline Moore. American film actress, best known for starring in Roy Rogers westerns and Charlie Chan mysteries in the 1930s, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (d. 2001); Manuel Perez, American animator, best known for his Warner Bros. animated shorts of Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck, in Morenci, Arizona (d. 1981)

June 18, 1914 (Thursday)

    Bai Lang Rebellion — Rebel bandit leader Bai Lang, the "White Wolf" of China, was reported to have massacred over 10,000 inhabitants in the town of Taochau south of Lanzhou one day after escaping federal soldiers, according to a telegraph report from local missionaries to the Chinese government.
    A railway bridge collapse at Carrbridge in Scotland following a torrential thunderstorm killed five people.
    King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy founded the Colonial Order of the Star of Italy to be awarded to soldiers and officers with exception military service in Italy's North African colonies (disbanded in 1943).
    Born: E. G. Marshall, American TV and film actor, best known roles included "Juror #4" in 12 Angry Men (1957) and TV shows The Defenders and The Bold Ones: The New Doctors, in Owatonna, Minnesota (d. 1998)
    Died: Frank Hiscock, American politician, U.S. Representative for New York from 1877 to 1887, and U.S. Senator for New York from 1887 to 1893 (b. 1834)

June 19, 1914 (Friday)

    A coal mine explosion in Hillcrest, Alberta killed 189 of 235 miners, the worst mining disaster in Canadian history.
    English golfer Harry Vardon won his sixth Open Championship at the Prestwick Golf Club in Scotland, three strokes ahead of runner-up J.H. Taylor, the defending champion. It would be the last tournament played until the end of World War One.
    The eighth Land of Oz book written by L. Frank Baum, Tik-Tok of Oz, was published. The book actually has little to do with Tik-Tok and was primarily the quest of the Shaggy Man (introduced in The Road to Oz) to rescue his brother, and his resulting conflict with the Nome King. The first edition was famous for showing the first maps of Oz in the endpapers.
    Born: Alan Cranston, U.S. Senator from California from 1969 to 1993, in Palo Alto, California (d. 2000); Harry Lauter, American TV actor, guest starred in many popular TV westerns in the 1950s and 1960s including The Lone Ranger, Gunsmoke and Rawhide, in White Plains, New York (d. 1990)
    Died: Brandon Thomas, British actor and playwright, author of the popular farce Charley's Aunt (b. 1848)

June 20, 1914 (Saturday)

    The German ocean liner SS Bismarck was launched at the Blohm & Voss shipbuilders in Hamburg, Germany, with the christening done by Countess Hanna von Bismarck, the granddaughter of the 19th century German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, and Kaiser Wilhelm II.
    While the Austro-Hungarian airship Militärluftschiff III (or M.III) hovered over Fischamend testing new camera equipment, an Austro-Hungarian Army pilot tried to loop M.III in a Farman biplane. The airplane struck the top of the airship, tearing a hole and igniting the escaping hydrogen gas. Both aircraft were destroyed, and both men in the airplane and all seven men aboard M.III were killed. It was the end of the Austro-Hungarian airship program.
    The first issue of the Vorticist literary magazine BLAST edited by Wyndham Lewis, was published, although distribution was delayed until July 2.
    Born: Jane du Pont Lunger, sixth generation member of the Du Pont family, she and husband Harry Lunger bred and raced 45 thoroughbred winners in Christiana, Delaware, in Wilmington, Delaware (d. 2001)

June 21, 1914 (Sunday)

    Serbian diplomat Jovan Jovanović Pižon warned Austrian finance minister Leon Bilinski of intelligence reports suggesting there may be an assassination plot against Archduke Franz Ferdinand when he visited Sarajevo next week, but his warnings were ignored.
    Twelve people drowned, including seven children, in a boating accident near Syracuse, New York when a motor boat using one the New York state canals hit a snag and capsized.
    Born: Charles St Clair, 17th Lord Sinclair, Scottish noble, Extra Equerry to the Queen Mother from 1953 to 2002 (d. 2004); William Vickrey, Canadian economist, recipient of the 1996 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, in Victoria, British Columbia (d. 1996)
    Died: Bertha von Suttner, Czech-Austrian writer and pacifist, first woman to be the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1843)

June 22, 1914 (Monday)

    The Million Dollar Mystery, the first of a 23-part film serial directed by Howell Hansel, and starring Florence La Badie and James Cruze, was released and would gross $1.5M at the box office.

June 23, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Mexican Revolution – Pancho Villa's División del Norte (Division of the North) decisively defeated the troops of General Luís Medina Barrón defending the town of Zacatecas. After bombarding the town, Villa's troop surrounded and stormed the town from all sides. After losing key areas, Barrón ordered his men to retreat to neighboring Guadalupe and meet up with reinforcements. However, 7,000 rebel militia blocked their way and slaughtered the federal troops. An estimated 6,000 to 7,000 defenders were killed or wounded, with only Barrón and a few hundred men escaping. About 700 of Villa's men were killed and 1,500 wounded. The great victory demoralized Huerta's supporters and lead to his resignation on July 15.
    Colonel Rodolfo Fierro, cousin to Pancho Villa, was killed by his own men during the siege of Zacatecas. Fierro was the chief suspect in the murder of British rancher William S. Benton, who had been shot dead in Villa's office in March.
    A tornado ripped through Watertown, South Dakota, killing nine people and injuring 40 more, and destroying over 300 buildings.
    The Royal Naval Air Service was established.
    The first flight of the flying boat America, which businessman Rodman Wanamaker had ordered with a goal of sponsoring the first transatlantic flight, occurred at Hammondsport, New York. However, the outbreak of World War One five weeks later prevented the transatlantic attempt from taking place.
    The Kiel Canal in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany was reopened after seven years of work to deepen and widen the canal for modern naval ships. The British Fleet under Sir George Warrender visited as the Kaiser inspected the Dreadnought HMS King George V.
    Born: Nat Hiken, American radio and TV producer, best known for producing the hit shows Car 54, Where Are You? and The Phil Silvers Show, in Chicago (d. 1968)
    Died: John Stokell Dodds, Australian police officer and judge, and 5th Chief Justice of Tasmania (b. 1848)

June 24, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Austria-Hungary prepared a letter for its ally Germany stating Romania could no longer be considered a reliable ally in addressing political issues in the Balkans, following the June 14 summit in Constanța, Romania. At the summit, Russia had begun working on forming an alliance with Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro against Austria-Hungary. To counter this, Austria-Hungary recommended the empire, Germany, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria should form an alliance against Russia. Unfortunately, the letter was delayed with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.
    Edward Thomas made the English railway journey which inspired his poem "Adlestrop" en route to meet Robert Frost. His journey and visit with Frost convinced Thomas to begin writing poetry for the first time after that summer.
    Born: Pearl Witherington, World War Two Special Operations Executive agent, leader of the Wrestler Network in central France (d. 2008)

June 25, 1914 (Thursday)

    A magnitude 7.6 earthquake struck off the southwestern coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, creating a tsunami that killed 20 people and injured another 20. A few homes were destroyed in the area.
    Great Salem Fire of 1914 — A series of chemical explosions in a leather factory started a massive fire that swept downtown Salem, Massachusetts, destroying 1,376 buildings at an estimated cost of US$15 million, and left some 20,000 people homeless.
    George Breddy, a fireman for the sunken HMCS Karluk and one the remaining survivors on Wrangel Island in the Bering Sea was found dead in his tent by a gunshot wound. The expedition group were uncertain whether the death was suicide or murder, but Breddy had been accused of stealing possessions and hoarding food rations from others in the group, and some missing items were found on him. While some members had accused Karluk's second engineer of murdering Breddy, there was no conclusive proof. Of the 25 expedition members accounted for when the Karluk sank in January, there were now only 14 left on Wrangel Island.
    The Aalesunds FK association football club was founded in Ålesund, Norway.
    Born: Mavis Pugh, British actress, best known for roles in British TV sitcoms including Are You Being Served? and Faulty Towers, in Croydon, England (d. 2006); Alfred Heckmann, German Luftwaffe fighter pilot during World War Two, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Bochum, Germany (d. 1993); Wayne Dumont, American politician, U.S. Senator from New Jersey from 1967 to 1990, in Paterson, New Jersey (d. 1992)
    Died: Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, German noble, patron to the Meiningen Ensemble and the Meiningen Court Orchestra (b. 1826); John Cameron, Australian politician, member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1893 to 1908 (b. 1845)

June 26, 1914 (Friday)

    The Senate for the Union of South Africa passed the Indian Relief Bill which abolished a tax against Indian citizens, legally recognized Indian ceremonial marriages, relaxed immigration laws, and pardoned all members of the Indian resistance movement. With the bill passed into law, resistance leader Mahatma Gandhi suspended the movement.
    Born: Laurie Lee, English author, best known for autobiographical works such as Cider with Rosie, in Stroud, England (d. 1997); Doc Williams, American country music musician, front man for Doc Williams and the Border Riders, in Cleveland (d. 2011)
    Born: Lyman Spitzer, American physicist, conceived the idea of telescopes operating in outer space, in Toledo, Ohio (d. 1997); Wolfgang Windgassen, French opera singer, best known for roles in The Ring Cycle, in Annemasse, France (d. 1974); Rosamund Holland-Martin, British child activist, chair for the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children from 1969 to 1988 (d. 2001)
    Born: Antoine Argoud, French military officer, twice attempted to assassinate Charles de Gaulle, in Darney, France (d. 2004); Lorenz Hackenholt, German Schutzstaffel (SS) officer, built and operated the gas chamber at the Bełżec extermination camp in occupied Poland during World War Two, in Gelsenkirchen, Germany (disappeared in 1945, presumed dead)
    Died: Antonio Herrera Toro, Venezuelan painter, known for portraits of Venezuelan war hero Simón Bolívar (b. 1857); Edward Calvert, Scottish architect, designer of the many of the famous villas in Edinburgh (b. 1847)

June 27, 1914 (Saturday)

    U.S. presidential adviser Edward House met with British Foreign Secretary Edward Grey in London as part of the U.S. mission to persuade Great Britain and Germany to join the United States in a diplomatic alliance to preserve peace in Europe, especially in the face of Germany's growing militarization. House advised Grey “the kaiser himself and most of his immediate advisers did not want war because they wished Germany to expand commercially and grow in wealth, but the army was militarily aggressive and ready for war at any time." Both concluded the meeting: "Neither England, Germany, Russia, nor France desire war.”
    Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria – Danilo Ilić, a member of the secret Serbian military society Black Hand, distributed pistols, bombs and cyanide pills to six assassins that would be placed along the procession route Archduke Franz Ferdinand would take when he carried out military inspections the next day in Sarajevo
    Born: Henri Dekens, Belgian football player and coach, instructed association football technique to the princes of the Belgium royal family, in Anderlecht, Belgium (d. 1976); Charles Thurstan Shaw, British archaeologist, leader research in ancient West African cultures in present-day Ghana and Nigeria, in Plymouth, England (d. 2013); Robert Aickman, British conservationist and author, co-founder of the Inland Waterways Association, in London (d. 1981)

June 28, 1914 (Sunday)

    Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg and his party traveled by train from Ilidža to Sarajevo where they were met by Bosnia and Herzegovina Governor Oskar Potiorek. The schedule was to include a military inspection at the city's barracks and a meeting with dignitaries at Sarajevo's Town Hall.
    Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria – Nedeljko Čabrinović made the first assassination attempt on the Archduke by throwing a bomb at the convertible he and his wife Sophie were riding in (two other fellow assassins Muhamed Mehmedbašić and Vaso Čubrilović were on the motorcade route with pistols but failed to act). The bomb bounced off the folded back cover and exploded underneath another vehicle in the motorcade, wounding around 20 people. Čabrinović swallowed a cyanide tablet and jumped off a bridge into the Miljacka River to avoid capture, but the pill only induced vomiting and the water was too shallow. He was immediately arrested. In spite of the assassination attempt, the procession continued on to Sarajevo's Town Hall.
    Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria – Gavrilo Princip assassinated the Archduke and his wife, Sophie after they left Sarajevo's Town Hall. Princip was able to get close to the Archduke when his motorcade became trapped in a dead-end after taking a wrong turn. He shot the Austrian noble in the neck and Sophie in the abdomen as she tried to shield her husband. Princip was immediately arrested, and both the Archduke and his wife were taken back to town hall for medical treatment. Both died of their injuries, with Sophie on arrival at town hall and Ferdinand around 10 minutes after.

This picture is usually associated with the arrest of Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.

    Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo – Following news of Archduke Franz Ferdinand's assassination, violent pogroms were organized against ethnic Serbs in the Austria-Hungary empire. Anti-Serbian mobs ransacked homes and businesses of prominent Serbians, including a mob of 200 people that attacked and destroyed the Hotel Europa, the largest hotel in Sarajevo, as it was owned by Serb merchant Gligorije Jeftanović. Two Serbians were killed in the violence.
    The British steamer SS California ran aground on Tory Island off the north-west coast of Ireland in dense fog with over 1,000 passengers on board. Three British warships including the destroyer Swift, as well as the ocean liner Cassandra, rescued the stranded passengers. The ship was repaired and returned to duty within the year.
    The 12th Tour de France began in Paris, with a total distance of 5,405 kilometres (3,359 mi) for cyclists to cover at an average speed of 26.835 kilometres per hour (16.674 mph).
    The Argentinian association football Club Ferrocarril Midland was founded in Libertad, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.
    Born: Lester Flatt, American bluegrass musician, member of the Foggy Mountain Boys, in Overton County, Tennessee (d. 1979); Allie Beth Martin, American librarian and politician, author of A Strategy for Public Library Change, an influential book that inspired many library improvement programs across the United States, in Tulsa, Oklahoma (d. 1976);
    Born: Preston E. Peden, American politician, U.S. Representative from Oklahoma from 1947 to 1949, in Duke, Oklahoma (d. 1985); Ian MacDonald, American actor, best known for the role of villain Frank Miller in the western High Noon, in Great Falls, Montana (d. 1978)
    Died: Camillo Boito, Italian architect and engineer, most known for the restoration of the Church and Campanile of Santi Maria e Donato at Murano, Italy (b. 1836)

June 29, 1914 (Monday)

    Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo – Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina Oskar Potiorek declared a state of siege in Sarajevo as violent pogroms were carried out against ethnic Serbians. Over 1,000 Serbian homes, businesses and churches were vandalized with little or no intervention by law enforcement. Order was not fully restored until the bodies of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg were transported by train out of the city.
    Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria – During police interrogation, both Gavrilo Princip and Nedeljko Čabrinović confessed to conspiring with members of the Black Hand to assassinate the Archduke. A police dragnet arrested most of the conspirators, with 25 going to trial later that year.
    U.S. President Woodrow Wilson sent a telegram to Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph: "Deeply shocked of the atrocious murder of his Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his consort at an assassin's hands. I extend to your Majesty, and to the royal family, and to the Government of Austrai-Hungary the sincere condolences of the Government and people of the United States and an expression of my profound sympathy."
    Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Count Leopold Berchtold and Chief of the General Staff Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf debated the appropriate response to the events in Sarajevo, with Conrad advocating mobilization against Serbia. Berchtold opposed this, saying that public opinion must first be prepared, and suggested the following day that Serbia disbanding anti-Austrian societies and relieving certain officials of their duties for their bad acts may help ease tensions.
    Sir James Whitney's Conservatives won a fourth consecutive majority in the 1914 Ontario general election. The victory for the 6th Premier of Ontario was short-lived, as Whitney died in office three months later.
    Khioniya Guseva, a resident of Syzran, Russia attempted and failed to assassinate Grigori Rasputin at his home town in Siberia. She stabbed him in the abdomen as he left his home but the notorious "mad monk" was able to fight her off until a crowd intervened, forcing her to turn herself in to the town constable. She was declared insane by the courts and committed to an asylum in Tomsk until 1917.
    The International Exhibition opened at the "White City", Ashton Gate, Bristol, England. It closed on August 15 and the site was used as a military depot.
    The maiden trip on the Portland–Lewiston Interurban was made when the car Arbutus carried an inspection trip from Lewiston to Portland, Maine.
    Born: Rafael Kubelík, Czech conductor, debuted with the Czech Philharmonic before defecting in 1948, conducted for various orchestras, most notable Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1961 to 1979, in Býchory, Bohemia (d. 1996); Majeed Amjad, Pakistani poet, known for his complete collection of poems published in 1989 as Kuliyat-e-Majeed Amjad, in Jhang, British India (d. 1974); Lynne Carol, Welsh actress, best known for the role of Martha Longhurst in the soap opera Coronation Street, in Usk, Wales ( d. 1990)

June 30, 1914 (Tuesday)

    German Undersecretary of State Arthur Zimmermann addressed requests by Austria-Hungary and Germany for investigation into the Archduke's assassination but were rebuffed by Serbia.
    The U.S. Government sold two decommissioned battleships — the USS Mississippi and the USS Idaho — to the Greek Navy at a sum of US$12 million. The ships were renamed Kilkis and Lemnos respectively.
    Born: Francisco da Costa Gomes, Portuguese politician, 15th President of Portugal, in Chaves, Portugal (d. 2001); Archie Sam, Natchez-Cherokee-Muscogee Creek elder, Sun Chief of the Natchez Nation, in Greenleaf Mountain community near Braggs, Oklahoma (d. 1986)
    Died: Francis Charteris, 10th Earl of Wemyss, British politician, founder of the Liberty and Property Defence League in 1882 (b. 1818)


July 1, 1914 (Wednesday)

    July Crisis – Austria-Hungary received confirmation from Germany that they could expect full support from their ally should they choose to wage war against Serbia in response to Serbian nationalists assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. With some diplomatic reports alleging Dragutin Dimitrijević, Chief of Serbian Military Intelligence, and others in the Serbian government being involved in the assassination plot, Russian Ambassador Nicholas Hartwig met with officials in Belgrade to advise on the best maneuvers for Serbia to take during the crisis.
    The Naval Wing of the British Royal Flying Corps was separated from the Royal Air Force and established as a separate service, the Royal Naval Air Service, under the control of the Royal Navy.
    The United States Navy established its first air department, the Bureau of Aeronautics.
    Survivors of the Karluk shipwreck raised the Canadian flag on Wrangel Island in the Bering Sea in honour of Dominion Day. There were now 14 survivors of the original 25 people that survived the sinking in January. Fortunately, Karluk captain Robert Bartlett had reached Alaska and was now arranging rescue ships.
    While re-shooting scenes for the western Across the Border in Colorado, actress Grace McHugh fell into the Arkansas River while being filmed crossing the water on horseback. Owen Carter, the production's cinematographer, dived in to save McHugh, but both drowned. Their deaths resulted in a push to develop professional stunt actors to handle dangerous action sequences in movie production.
    Born: Stephen Juba, Canadian politician, 37th Mayor of Winnipeg, first Ukrainian Canadian to hold political high office, in Winnipeg (d. 1993); Sara Seegar, American actress, best known for the role of "Mrs Wilson" in the 1960s TV series Dennis the Menace, in Greentown, Indiana (d. 1990); Christl Cranz, German alpine skier, gold medal winner at the 1936 Winter Olympics, in Brussels (d. 2004)
    Born: Mahmood Khan Durrani, Indian-Pakistani soldier during World War Two, recipient of the George Cross, in Multan, British India (d. 1995); Rudolf Pflanz, German Luftwaffe fighter ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War Two, in Ichenheim, Germany (d. 1942, killed in combat); Orli Wald, French-German resistance fighter, member of the German Resistance during World War Two, known as the "Angel of Auschwitz" which she escaped in 1945, in Bourell, France (d. 1962)
    Died: Edmund Payne, British actor, major comedic lead in many of the 1800s Edwardian musical comedies (b. 1865)

July 2, 1914 (Thursday)

    July Crisis – Kaiser Wilhelm II received recommendation from the German military for Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia as quickly as possible, since Germany was more prepared to mobilize than either Russia or France.
    After delays, the first issue of the Vorticism art magazine Blast was distributed.
    Born: Frederick Fennell, American conductor, best known for his recordings with the Eastman Wind Ensemble, in Cleveland (d. 2004)
    Died: Joseph Chamberlain, British politician, Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1895 to 1903 (b. 1836)

July 3, 1914 (Friday)

    The Simla Accord was sealed by Great Britain and Tibet despite objections from China, which rejected the Accord entirely. British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries attached a note denying China any privileges under the Accord and sealed it as a bilateral agreement. The Accord redefined borders between Tibet and British India. It also divided Tibet into two political regions, with the "outer" territory under Tibetan rule from the capital of Lhasa while the "inner" region fell under Chinese control.
    A state funeral was held for Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Vienna, with Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and other members of the imperial family in attendance.

    Born: Pat Pattle, South African-British World War Two Royal Air Force fighter pilot and flying ace, in Butterworth, Eastern Cape, South Africa (d. 1941, killed at the Battle of Athens); George Bruns, American composer, composed many film scores for Disney Films including "Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)" for Pirates of the Caribbean, in Sandy, Oregon (d. 1983)
    Born: Don Haggerty, American actor, known for roles in Sands of Iwo Jima and Angels in the Outfield, in Poughkeepsie, New York (d. 1988); Carl Scarborough, American racer, whose his death from heat exhaustion during the 1953 Indianapolis 500 resulted in new rules implemented to ensure all drivers have proper heat ventilation (d. 1953)
    Died: Henry Willard Denison, American diplomat, U.S. ambassador to Japan during the Meiji period (b. 1846)

July 4, 1914 (Saturday)

    July Crisis – On the same day the internment of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg took place near Vienna at Artstetten Castle, Kaiser Wilhelm II declared that he was entirely for “settling accounts with Serbia”.
    Lexington Avenue explosion – Arthur Caron, a member of Industrial Workers of the World, and three other people were killed in New York City when a bomb intended to kill John D. Rockefeller exploded prematurely in an apartment used as a base for the assassination plot.
    The 38th staging of the Wimbledon Championships was held in England, but would not be staged for another four years due to World War One.
        Australian tennis player Norman Brookes defeated New Zealander Tony Wilding with scores 6–4, 6–4, and 7–5 in the men's singles.
        The two contenders in the men's singles finals teamed up on men's doubles finals and defeated Great Britain's Herbert Roper Barrett and Charles P. Dixon with scores of 6–1, 6–1, 5–7, and 8–6.
        British tennis player Dorothea Douglass Lambert Chambers defeated compatriot Ethel Thomson Larcombe in the women's singles finals with scores of 7–5 and 6–4.
        Larcombe also didn't fare so well with partner Edith Hannam in women's doubles finals, with both getting beaten by American tennis player Elizabeth Ryan and British partner Agnes Morton with scores of 6–1 and 6–3.
        Larcombe did walk away with a championship title in the mixed doubles finals with James Parke, with the two defeating Wilding and French partner Marguerite Broquedis with scores of 4–6, 6–4, and 6–2.

    The Paris Yiddish-language labour movement journal The Jewish Worker published its last issue, after its pacifist stance led to a break away from the rest of the French labour movement.
    Born: Nuccio Bertone, Italian automobile designer, designed many renowned Fiat and Lamborghini models, in Turin, Italy (d. 1997); Timmie Rogers, American comedian, often referred to as the Jackie Robinson of comedy since he was the first African-American stand-up comedian to interact directly with the audience, in Detroit (d. 2006)
    Died: James Lawrence, American politician, 17th Ohio Attorney General (b. 1851); Sydney Grundy, British dramatist, best known for the comedic opera Haddon Hall (b. 1848)

July 5, 1914 (Sunday)

    July Crisis – A council was held at Potsdam, where leaders from Austria-Hungary and Germany met to discuss possibilities of war with Serbia, Russia, and France, concluding it had become necessary "to eliminate Serbia" in spite of expected resistance from her allies.Their option to go to war was further reinforced by letters from Helmuth von Moltke, Chief of the German General Staff, and Emperor Franz Joseph that both stated war was necessary to preserve the monarchy.
    July Crisis – Based on further police interrogations, Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina Oskar Potiorek telegraphed Vienna to report Serbian Major Voja Tankosić had given instruction to the Serbian nationalists involved in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.
    July Crisis – A revised letter from Austria-Hungary was sent to Germany proposing an alliance with Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire against Russia, with the addition of action against Serbia. Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph added his own letter to Kaiser Wilhelm II where he advocated ending Serbia as a political power.

    Born: Jean Tabaud, French artist, known for portraits of many of famous families including the Fords and the Duponts, in Saujon, France (d. 1996); Alain de Boissieu, French army chief-of-staff from 1971 to 1975, recipient of the Order of Liberation, in Chartres, France (d. 2006); Toralf Westermoen, Norwegian engineer, developer of high speed craft (d. 1986)
    Born: Jim Watt, New Zealand rugby player and medical academic, New Zealand's first professor of paediatrics, appointed at the University of Otago in 1967, in Dunedin, New Zealand (d. 1988); Annie Fischer, Hungarian classical pianist, known for her recorded performances of Beethoven and other classical composers through BBC Records and various other recording companies, in Budapest (d. 1995)

July 6, 1914 (Monday)

    Komagata Maru incident – The Court of Appeal of British Columbia gave a unanimous judgement that under new orders-in-council, it had no authority to interfere with the decisions of the Department of Immigration and Colonization, allowing the Canadian government legal standing to order Vancouver harbour's tug Sea Lion to push the Japanese vessel out to sea with more than 300 Sikhs and other British Indian subjects on board.
    July Crisis – British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey received warning from German ambassador Karl Max of likely war in the Balkans, but Grey was optimistic “that a peaceful solution would be reached” through Anglo-German co-operation.Meanwhile, Kaiser Wilhelm II went on his annual cruise of the North Sea at the insistence of his courtiers, even though he wished to remain in Berlin until the crisis was resolved.
    The 6th French Grand Prix, organised by the Automobile Club de France (ACF), was run at Lyon over 752.58 km (37.629 km x 20 laps). The winner was Christian Lautenschlager of Germany driving a Mercedes 18/100 in 7:08:18.4. The race was retrospectively referred to as the XIV Grand Prix de l´ACF.

    Celebrated Uruguayan poet Delmira Agustini (b. 1886) was murdered in her Montevideo home by her ex-husband Enrique Job Reyes, a month after the couple had divorced. Reyes shot her twice before turning the gun on himself. They had married in 1913 but Agustini left Reyes a month later. On the centennial of her death, the city of Montevideo unveiled a statue of her by artist Martín Sastre in memory of the poet and other victims of gender-based violence.
    A French fishing vessel in the English Channel off Boulogne, France found a body floating in the water. Although they did not retrieve the corpse, the crew described the body's clothing as belonging to a pilot and recovered from it a road map of southern England. The evidence suggested the body was of Gustav Hamel, who disappeared while flying on May 23.
    Born: Vince McMahon, Sr., America professional wrestling promoter, manager of the Capitol Wrestling Corporation (now WWE), father of Vince McMahon, in New York City (d. 1984); Viola Desmond, Canadian black civil rights advocate, known for her court case that challenged racial segregation in Nova Scotia, in Halifax (d. 1965); Glenn Dunaway, American racer, won and then was disqualified from the first NASCAR race in 1949, in Kings Mountain, North Carolina (d. 1964, killed in a train collision)

July 7, 1914 (Tuesday)

    July Crisis – Austria-Hungary convened a Council of Ministers, including Ministers for Foreign Affairs and War, the Chief of the General Staff and Naval Commander-in-Chief; the Council lasted from 11.30 a.m. to 6.15 p.m.
    Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić contradicted previous statements by his diplomats saying Serbia had warned Austria-Hungary about plots to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand, saying to the Hungarian daily newspaper Az Est that his foreign affairs office made no such warnings (and repeating it again to the Paris Edition of the New York Herald on July 20).
    The Canadian Pacific Railway, owner of the ocean liner Empress of Ireland which sank in May, took possession of SS Storstad, the vessel that collided with the "Empress", and then sold it for $175,000 as part of its $2,000,000 lawsuit for damages against the Swedish ship's owners A. F. Klaveness & Co.

    Regular scheduled service began on the Portland–Lewiston Interurban in Maine.
    Barrow County, Georgia was founded with the county seat in Winder, Georgia.
    Freddie Welsh defeated Willie Ritchie in over 20 rounds to win the World Lightweight Championship in London. Welsh held the title until 1917.
    Born: Harry Strom, Canadian politician, 9th Premier of Alberta, in Burdett, Alberta (d. 1984); Anil Biswas, Indian film composer, known for scores in Kismet and Journey Beyond Three Seas, in Barisal, British India (d. 2003); Harvey B. Scribner, American educator and administrator, oversaw the integration of Teaneck Public Schools in New Jersey in 1965, in Albion, Maine (d. 2002)

July 8, 1914 (Wednesday)

    July Crisis – The Council of Ministers for Austria-Hungary sent two recommended options to Emperor Franz Joseph on how to handle its crisis with Serbia. The first option was a surprise attack against the Balkan country and the second option was to place demands on Serbia before mobilization to provide a proper "juridical basis for a declaration of war".

    While exiled in Tokyo, Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen reorganized the Kuomintang party under the new name Chinese Revolutionary Party after Yuan Shikai, self-proclaimed emperor of China, outlawed the political party.
    John D. Rockefeller celebrated his 75th birthday playing golf in a foursome with Frank C. Folger, president of Standard Oil, Elias Johnson of New York and A.L. Gifford of Tarrytown. Rockfeller won the game, remarking "It takes us young boys to win."
    Born: Jyoti Basu, Indian politician, Chief Minister of West Bengal from 1977 to 2000, in Calcutta, British India (d. 2010); Sarah P. Harkness, American architect, co-founder of The Architects Collaborative, in Swampscott, Massachusetts (d. 2013); Billy Eckstine, jazz musician and singer, known for hits "I Apologize" and "My Foolish Heart", in Pittsburgh (d. 1993)
    Born: Arthur Edward Ellis, British referee for association football, officiated for the 1950, 1954 and 1958 World Cups, in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England (d. 1999); Elisabeth Bing, German-American physical therapist, co-founder of Lamaze International, in Berlin (d. 2015)

July 9, 1914 (Thursday)

    Mexican Revolution – Rebel soldiers under command of Alvaro Obregon captured Guadalajara, routing 12,000 federal soldiers and capturing 5,000 more along with much of the army's artillery.
    July Crisis – Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph was advised the council was working on an ultimatum containing demands that were designed to be rejected, thus ensuring a war without the “odium of attacking Serbia without warning, put her in the wrong.”
    Charlie Chaplin starred as a hapless dental assistant in Laughing Gas.
    Born: Willi Stoph, German politician, Prime Minister of East Germany from 1964 to 1973, and 1976 to 1989, in Berlin (d. 1999); Curt Carlson, American businessman, founder of the hotel and travel chain Carlson, in Minneapolis (d. 1999)
    Died: Henry Emmerson, Canadian politician, 8th Premier of New Brunswick (b. 1853); Fred A. Busse, American politician, 39th Mayor of Chicago (b. 1866); Jan Władysław Dawid, Polish psychologist, pioneer of educational psychology in Poland (b. 1859)

July 10, 1914 (Friday)

    The Provisional Government of Ulster met for the first time in the Ulster Hall, where it vowed to keep Ulster in trust for the King and the British constitution.
    July Crisis – Nicholas Hartwig, Russian Minister to Serbia, died suddenly while visiting Austrian minister Wladimir Giesl von Gieslingen at the Austrian Legation in Belgrade.
    Rodmond Roblin and his Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba won the majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba during the Canadian province's 1914 general election.
    German Reinhold Böhm flew his Albatros-biplane nonstop for 24 hours and 12 minutes without refueling. His one-man-flight record lasted until 1927.
    The renowned Herald Square Theatre on Broadway was demolished to make room for expansion of the Garment District.
    Born: Charles Donnelly, Irish poet and partisan fighter for the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War, in Killybrackey, Ireland (d. 1937, killed in action); Joe Shuster, Canadian-American comic book artist, co-created Superman with Jerry Siegel, in Toronto (d. 1992); William Anthony Paddon, Canadian physician and civic leader, 7th Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, in Indian Harbour, Labrador (d. 1995); Thein Pe Myint, Burmese journalist, author of Wartime Traveller and Over the Ashes, in Budalin, British Burma (d. 1978)

July 11, 1914 (Saturday)

    July Crisis – The German foreign office sent a telegram on behalf of Kaiser Wilhelm II congratulating King Peter of Serbia on his birthday. Wilhelm ordered the goodwill telegram to be sent even though the German government knew of Austria-Hungary's intention to provoke war with Serbia: “As Vienna has so far inaugurated no action of any sort against Belgrade, the omission of the customary telegram would be too noticeable and might be the cause of premature uneasiness.... It should be sent.”
    USS Nevada, the United States Navy's first "super-dreadnought" battleship, was launched, in sponsorship by Miss Eleanor Anne Seibert, niece of Nevada Governor Tasker Oddie and a descendant of the first Secretary of the Navy, Benjamin Stoddert. The launch was attended by several prominent members of the government, including Governor Oddie, Governor David I. Walsh of Massachusetts, Senator Key Pittman of Nevada, Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels and Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, who would later become the 32nd President of the United States.
    Over 5,000 attended a rally in Union Square, Manhattan, called by the Anti-Militarist League to commemorate the anarchists killed in the July 4 Lexington Avenue bombing.
    Baseball legend Babe Ruth made his major league debut with the Boston Red Sox.
    American aviator Walter L. Brock won the London-Paris return air race.
    Publisher William P. Beard, an ally to South Carolina politician Coleman Livingston Blease, ran the first edition of the weekly newspaper Abbeville Scimitar in Abbeville, South Carolina. The paper became notorious for racist editorials, including the endorsement of lynching. The paper was closed in 1917 after Beard was convicted of sedition for opposing the United States entrance to World War One on racist grounds.
    The Karkamış to Ceylanpınar line of the Baghdad Railway opened in Iraq.
    Born: George Malcher, Polish historian, author of Poland's Politicized Army (1984), and Blank Pages, Soviet Genocide Against the Polish People (1993), in Upper Silesia, German Empire (now part of Poland) (d. 2001); Tommy Bartlett, American water skier and entertainment mogul, best known for the Tommy Bartlett's Thrill Show tourist attraction in Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin, in Milwaukee (d. 1998); John Hall Archer, Canadian academic, author of Saskatchewan: A History, first president of the University of Regina, in Broadview, Saskatchewan (d. 2004)

July 12, 1914 (Sunday)

    July Crisis – In response to pressure from the German government on Austria-Hungary's Council of Ministers to resolve their indecision about whether to choose war or peace, Foreign Minister Count Leopold Berchtold presented the German foreign office with a draft of the ultimatum which would be presented to Serbia after the summit between French President Raymond Poincaré and Nicholas II of Russia.
    July Crisis – Muhamed Mehmedbašić was the last of the group of assassins to be apprehended for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. He escaped to Montenegro during unrest following the death of the Archduke but was arrested and imprisoned in Nikšić. After admitting his involvement in the assassination plot, Mehmedbašić escaped two days later to Serbia and eluded capture throughout the entire war.

    Rebel forces capture Berat in southern Albania.
    A Chinese naval gunboat exploded in Shanghai harbour, killing 35 naval cadets.
    Casale F.B.C. beat S.S. Lazio with an aggregate score of 9-1 to win the Italian Football Championship.
    Born: Mohammad Moin, Iranian scholar, lead researcher in Persian literature, in Rasht, Iran (d. 1971); Davis McCaughey, Irish-Australian politician and pastoral minister, Governor of Victoria from 1986 to 1992, in Belfast (d. 2005)
    Died: Horace H. Lurton, Supreme Court of the United States judge (b. 1844)

July 13, 1914 (Monday)

    July Crisis – The Austrian investigation into the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria reported to Vienna there was little evidence to support the Serbian government in general was accessory to the plot.
    Captain Robert Bartlett of the HMCS Karluk departed from Alaska on the Bear for Wrangel Island in the Bering Sea after obtaining permission from the United States government. Unknown to him, there were now only 14 survivors from the shipwreck still on the island.
    Born: Sam Hanks, American racer, winner of the 1957 Indianapolis 500 (d. 1994); Franz von Werra, Swiss-German Luftwaffe pilot, only German POW to successfully escape from an Allied prison camp and return to Germany, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Leuk, Switzerland (d. 1941, killed in plane crash)
    Died: Joan Röell, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1894 to 1897 (b. 1844); Peter Youree, American businessman, developed key public works and real estate landmarks in Shreveport, Louisiana (b. 1843); Charles Buls, Belgian politician, mayor of Brussels, advocated preserving much of Brussels historic neighbourhoods (b. 1837)

July 14, 1914 (Tuesday)

    The Government of Ireland Bill completed its passage through the House of Lords of the United Kingdom. It allowed Ulster counties to vote on whether or not they wish to participate in Home Rule from Dublin.
    July Crisis – Hungarian Prime Minister István Tisza broke after holding out for days for a peaceful solution with Serbia and agreed with the rest of the Council of Ministers to support war, since he feared a policy of peace would lead to Germany renouncing the Dual Alliance of 1879.
    Born: George Putnam, American news reporter and news anchor, anchored for all four independent news stations in Los Angeles, in Breckenridge, Minnesota (d. 2008); Lloyd G. Davies, American businessman and civic politician, city council member for Los Angeles from 1943 to 1951, in Los Angeles (d. 1957); Wim Hora Adema, Dutch author, co-founder of the feminist magazine Opzij, in Leeuwarderadeel, Netherlands (d. 1998)
    Died: Maria Zambaco, Greek artist and model for the Pre-Raphaelites (b. 1843)

July 15, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Mexican Revolution – Victoriano Huerta resigned as president of Mexico and left for Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz. Francisco S. Carvajal succeeded him as the 36th President of Mexico, holding the office for a month while power was transitioned to Venustiano Carranza.
    Doctors in Tyumen, Russia declared Grigori Rasputin out of medical danger as the monk and spiritual adviser to the Romanov royal family recovered from an assassination attempt in Siberia. Rasputin was attacked and stabbed in the abdomen by a peasant woman who believed he was spreading temptation among the innocent. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia sent his own royal physician to Tyumen to treat Rasputin.
    Bowring Park was officially opened by Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.
    Born: Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist, pioneer of micro-crediting in developing countries, in Agra, British India (d. 1999); Gavin Maxwell, Scottish naturalist and leader researcher in otters, author of Ring of Bright Water, Elrig, Scotland (d. 1969); Hammond Innes, British novelist, known for adventure novels such as The Wreck of the Mary Deare and Golden Soak, in Horsham, England (d. 1998)
    Born: Michael Maccagno, Italian-Canadian politician, leader of the Alberta Liberal Party from 1964 to 1968, in Piozzo, Italy (d. 2000); Jack French, Australian soldier during World War Two, recipient of the Victoria Cross, in Crows Nest, Queensland, Australia (d. 1942, killed at the Battle of Milne Bay); Hans Ehlers, German Luftwaffe fighter ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War Two, in Hennstedt, Germany (d. 1944, killed in combat)

July 16, 1914 (Thursday)

    July Crisis – The Russian ambassador to Austria-Hungary warned St. Petersburg that "the Austro-Hungarian government at the conclusion of the inquiry intends to make certain demands on Belgrade" and would be deemed "unacceptable” by Russia.
    Maurice Guillaux left Melbourne to fly to Sydney in a Blériot monoplane in the first delivery of airmail. He arrived in Sydney on 18 July after nine and a half hours of flying time.
    The Sopwith Type 807 made its maiden flight as a landplane before it was outfitted with a floatplane undercarriage.
    The first Japanese philatelic magazine Yuraku was published as the organ of The Yurakukai (Philatelic Society of Japan).
    Born: Ruth M. Jefford, American aviator, first woman licensed to be a flight instructor out of Merrill Field, in Anchorage, Alaska (d. 2007); Joseph A. Sims, political lawyer, legal adviser to Louisiana Governor Earl Long, in Shreveport, Louisiana (d. 1973)
    Died: Montgomery Schuyler, American arts journalist, columnist for the New York Times and managing editor for Harper's Weekly from 1885 to 1887 (b. 1843)

July 17, 1914 (Friday)

    July Crisis – The German Army's quartermaster general wrote to Foreign Minister Gottlieb von Jagow to confirm, “I can move at a moment’s notice. We in the General Staff are ready: there is nothing more for us to do at this juncture.”
    After valiant attempt rebelling against press censorship by the Russian government, Yiddish journalists in St. Petersburg were forced to shut down the bi-weekly Undzer Tsayt (Our Times) again, not long after their original paper, Di Tsayt (The Time), was muzzled in June.
    Born: Eleanor Steber, American opera singer, soprano singer for the Metropolitan Opera, in Wheeling, West Virginia (d. 1990); Paul Brand, British-American physician, lead researcher in treating leprosy, in Tamil Nadu, British India (d. 2003)
    Died: Luis Uribe, Chilean naval officer, Vice-Admiral of the Chilean Navy and a hero of the War of the Pacific (b. 1847); William Piguenit, Australian artist, best known for his landscapes of Tasmania (b. 1836); Ernest E. West, American football player, head coach and player of Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team (b. 1867); George Madison Bodge, American historian, author of Soldiers in King Philip's War (b. 1841)

July 18, 1914 (Saturday)

    July Crisis – In response to rumors about an Austrian ultimatum, Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić stated that he would not accept any measures that compromised Serbian sovereignty.
    The United States Congress created an Aviation Section in the United States Army Signal Corps, giving definitive status to its air service for the first time.
    British monarch George V inspected the British fleet at Spithead, which included 260 Royal Navy ships and 17 seaplanes.
    Spectator seats for the trial of Henriette Caillaux, wife of French minister Joseph Caillaux, for the murder of newspaper editor Gaston Calmette were reported to be going for as high as $US 200.
    Labor activist Joe Hill was sentenced to death by Utah state jury for the alleged murders of Salt Lake City store owner John G. Morrison and his son in January despite tenuous evidence.
    Mahatma Gandhi left South Africa for Great Britain en route to India.
    Born: Gino Bartali, Italian road cyclist, three-time winner of the Giro d'Italia and two-time champion of the Tour du France, in Florence, Italy (d. 2000); Anne Clark Martindell, American politician and diplomat, U.S. ambassador to New Zealand from 1979 to 1981, in New York City (d. 2008)

July 19, 1914 (Sunday)

    Komagata Maru incident – The tugboat Sea Lion, with 35 armed immigration officers and 125 Vancouver police officers on board, attempted to force the Japanese vessel from Vancouver harbour. Passengers on the ship resisted, pelting the officers with coal and bricks while another with an ax chopped at a line the tug boat used to tie to the ship. When a gunman on board the Komagata Maru opened fire, the Sea Lion backed off.
    July Crisis – The Council of Ministers in Vienna finalized the wording of the ultimatum to be presented to Serbia.
    British monarch George V summoned a conference to discuss the Irish Home Rule problem. The meetings lasted from July 21 to July 24 without reaching consensus.
    Born: John Kenneth Macalister, Canadian World War Two SOE agent, operated in France in 1943 to 1944 for the "Archdeacon" network, in Guelph, Ontario (d. 1944, executed in Buchenwald concentration camp); Marius Russo, American baseball player, pitcher for the New York Yankees from 1939 to 1946, in New York City (d. 2005)
    Died: Francis Munroe Ramsay, American naval officer, commander of the USS Choctaw during the American Civil War (b. 1835); Johann Puch, Slovene mechanical engineer, founder of auto manufacturer Puch AG (b. 1862)

July 20, 1914 (Monday)

    July Crisis – Germany began making preparations for war by mobilizing the German Navy and informing shipping companies to start withdrawing their ships from foreign waters back to German ports.
    The trial of Henriette Caillaux began in Paris, with the accused murderer reportedly being kept in the same cell that held Marie Antoinette during the French Revolution between court appearances.
    The final issue of La Vie Ouvrière (The Worker's Life) was published as part of a symbolic decision in the face of the outbreak of World War One.
    The village of Highland, Alberta was incorporated before it was renamed Delia a year later.
    Born: Dobri Dobrev, Bulgarian philanthropist, who collected an estimated 80,000 Bulgarian lev (40,000 euros) for charitable causes at the Cathedral of Alexander Nevsky in Sofia, Bulgaria since 2000 (still alive in 2014); Charilaos Florakis, Greek politician, leader of the Communist Party of Greece from 1972 to 1989, in Paliozoglopi, Greece (d. 2005); Masa Niemi, Finnish actor, best for known the character "Pätkä" (in English: Stub) in all thirteen original Pekka ja Pätkä movies, in Viipuri, Finland (d. 1960)
    Born: Ersilio Tonini, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal, Archbishop for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ravenna-Cervia from 1975 to 1990, in San Giorgio Piacentino, Italy (d. 2013); Clayton Heafner, American golfer, seven-time winner of the PGA Tour, father of Vance Heafner, in Charlotte, North Carolina (d. 1960); Dilworth Wayne Woolley, Canadian-American biochemist, first to study the role serotonin plays in brain chemistry, in Raymond, Alberta (d. 1966)
    Born: Richard J. Collins, American film and TV producer and director, known for TV programs Bonanza and Matlock, in New York City (d. 2013); John Pennington Harman, British soldier during World War Two, recipient of the Victoria Cross, in Beckenham, England (d. 1944, died at the Battle of Kohima)

July 21, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Buckingham Palace Conference – Both Irish Nationalists and Irish Unionists met at the Royal Palace in London for a three-day peace conference. Those who attended were the Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, David Lloyd George, the Irish Parliamentary Party leader John Redmond, and his deputy John Dillon. The Unionists included Edward Carson, leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance, with Bonar Law, James Craig and Lord Henry Lansdowne. The Speaker of the House of Commons presided.
    Komagata Maru incident – The Canadian government mobilized HMCS Rainbow, a former Royal Navy ship, with troops from the 11th Regiment Irish Fusiliers of Canada, 72nd Regiment "Seaforth Highlanders of Canada", and the 6th Regiment "The Duke of Connaught's Own Rifles", to force the Japanese vessel to return to India.
    Astronomer Seth Barnes Nicholson first observed Sinope, one of the moons of the planet Jupiter at the Lick Observatory, although the satellite would not receive a name until 1975 when it was named after one of the daughters of the god Asopus.
    Born: Philippe Ariès, French medievalist and historian, author of Centuries of Childhood, in Blois, France (d. 1984); Aleksander Kreek, Estonian athlete, gold medal winner of shot put at the 1938 European Athletics Championships, grandfather to Canadian Olympic rower Adam Kreek, in Lihula, Estonia (d. 1977); Markus Faulhaber, German officer in the Waffen SS during World War Two, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, Rottweil, Germany (d. 1945, killed in an auto accident)

July 22, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Enver Pasha, Minister of War for the Ottoman Empire, proposed an Ottoman–German alliance to Baron Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim, the German ambassador in Constantinople, but had it turned down on the grounds the Empire had nothing of value to offer German. The grand vezir Said Halim Pasha also made similar propositions to Austria-Hungary.
    The Austro-Hungarian Navy battleships Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand, Radetzky, and SMS Zrínyi each transported one flying boat from Pola to the Gulf of Cattaro. The following day they carried out a reconnaissance of the border with Montenegro. These were the first operational flights in Europe by naval aircraft.
    The last issue of French anarchist journal L'Anarchie was published. It would be re-launched in 1926 by Louis Louvet.
    Born: Richard Lankford, American politician, U.S. Representative for Maryland, Wilmington, Delaware from 1955 to 1965 (d. 2003); Lionel Casson, American academic, leading expert in classics including maritime history, author of The Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the Mediterranean in Ancient Times, in New York City (d. 2009)
    Born: Robert G. Emmens, United States Air Force officer, one of the members of the Doolittle Raid in 1942, in Medford, Oregon (d. 1992); Wayne Robbins, American horror writer, best known for short stories published through Popular Publications including the acclaimed Test Tube Frankenstein in the pulp magazine Terror Tales, in Stillwater, Oklahoma (d. 1958)

July 23, 1914 (Thursday)

    July Ultimatum – Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum, which among its provisions included Serbia to formally and publicly condemn the "dangerous propaganda" against Austria-Hungary and to "suppress by every means this criminal and terrorist propaganda".
    July Crisis – In attempt to stem the tide of emerging war, British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey offered to Russia and Germany to mediate a discussion with their respective allies that would influence Austria-Hungary to back off on Serbia while allowing each nation to save face. Russian foreign minister Sergey Sazonov agreed to the offer for conference, but Kaiser Wilhelm II instructed his British ambassador to reject Grey's "condescending orders".
    Komagata Maru incident – After earlier resistance to police, passengers on the Komagata Maru complied and allowed the ship's crew to charter the Japanese vessel out of Canadian waters. Only 20 of the 376 Sikh and Hindu passengers were allowed into Canada as they already had residential papers.
    The Moro Province in the Philippines, along with Agusan, Bukidnon and Surigao was divided into the current provinces/regions of Zamboanga, Lanao, Cotabato, Davao, and Jolo.The political reorganization was completed under the authority of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu.
    The Dutch football association club RAP merged with Volharding sport club as a means to preserve membership in the Netherlands Football League. The new club VRA Amsterdam was established in September.
    Born: Virgil Finlay, American artist, illustrator for speculative fiction magazines including Amazing Stories and Weird Tales, in Rochester, New York (d. 1971); Alf Prøysen, Norwegian writer of children's literature, author of the popular Mrs. Pepperpot books, in Rudshøgda, Norway (d. 1970)
    Born: Alice Arden, American athlete, competed in high jump in the 1936 Summer Olympics, active in Olympic committees in New York City, in Philadelphia (d. 2012); Evelyn Lambart, Canadian animator, best known for animation work for the National Film Board of Canada with Norman McLaren including Begone Dull Care, in Ottawa (d. 1999)
    Died: Charlotte Forten Grimké, African American poet, prominent member of the American Anti-Slavery Society (b. 1837)

July 24, 1914 (Friday)

    July Ultimatum – Expecting a declaration against them, Serbia mobilized for war while Austria-Hungary broke off diplomatic relations. The British Ambassador to Austria-Hungary reported to London: “War is thought imminent. Wildest enthusiasm prevails in Vienna.”
    The Russian Council of Ministers met after Austria-Hungary presented their ultimatum to Serbia. Alexander Krivoshein, close adviser to Nicholas II of Russia, noted the "rearmament programme had not been completed and it seemed doubtful whether our Army and Fleet would ever be able to compete with those of Germany and Austria-Hungary."It was decided Russia would partially mobilize against Austria-Hungary to deter war.
    Buckingham Palace Conference – The conference broke up after three days without agreement on resolving the issue of Irish Home Rule, but there was understanding from both sides that if Ulster were to be excluded, the Irish province should come in or out as a whole.
    Exiled former Mexican president Victoriano Huerta reached Kingston, Jamaica aboard the German cruiser SMS Dresden where he resided with his family before journeying to the United States in the spring of 1915.
    Born: Frances Oldham Kelsey, Canadian pharmacologist, advocated to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to not authorize thalidomide for sale, in Cobble Hill, British Columbia (d. 2015); Ed Mirvish, American-Canadian businessman and philanthropist, owner of Honest Ed's landmark store in Toronto, in Colonial Beach, Virginia (d. 2007)
    Born: William Abercrombie, American naval officer during World War Two, recipient of the Navy Cross, in Medford, Oregon (d. 1942, killed at the Battle of Midway); Walter Kutschmann, German SS-Untersturmführer and Gestapo officer during World War Two, culpable for the massacre of 1,500 Polish Jews in Lwów, Poland from 1941 to 1942, in Dresden (d. 1986)
    Died: James D. Richardson, American politician, U.S. Representative for Tennessee from 1885 to 1905 (b. 1843)

July 25, 1914 (Saturday)

    July Crisis – Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria signed a mobilization order for eight army corps to begin operations against Serbia within 72 hours, while Austro-Hungarian ambassador Baron Wladimir Giesl von Gieslingen left Belgrade.Radomir Putnik, Chief of the Serbian General Staff, was arrested in Budapest but subsequently allowed to return to Serbia.
    Born: Lionel Van Deerlin, American politician, U.S. Representative from California from 1963 to 1981, in Los Angeles (d. 2008); Winifred Foley, English writer, author of A Child in the Forest, in Brierley, Gloucestershire, England (d. 2009); Vũ Văn Mẫu, Vietnamese politician, last Prime Minister of South Vietnam, in Hanoi, Indochina (d. 1998); Arthur Widmer, American film special effects artist, developed the early version of blue screen, in Washington, D.C. (d. 2006)

July 26, 1914 (Sunday)

    July Crisis – An offer for Great Britain to mediate a resolution to the political crisis between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Serbia, and Russia was rejected by Germany and Russia.
    Howth gun-running – Robert Erskine Childers and his wife Molly sailed into Howth on his yacht Asgard and landed 2,500 guns for the Irish Volunteers. The King's Own Scottish Borderers of the British Army, having been called out to assist police in attempting to prevent the Volunteers from moving the arms to Dublin, fired on a crowd of protesters at Bachelors Walk, killing three and injuring 38 (a fourth man later died from bayonet wounds).
    Belgian cyclist Philippe Thys won the 12th Tour de France with a total race time of 200 hours, 28 minutes and 48 seconds.
    The Cathedral of the Incarnation in Nashville was officially opened to the public.
   Born: Erskine Hawkins, American jazz trumpeter and bandleader, known for the hit "Tuxedo Junction" with partner Bill Johnson, in Birmingham, Alabama (d. 1993); Ralph Blane, American composer and singer, composed with partner Hugh Martin "The Boy Next Door", "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" and "The Trolley Song" for the film musical Meet Me in St. Louis, in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma (d. 1995);
    Born: Yang Lien-sheng, Chinese-American Harvard professor of Chinese studies, author of Money and Credit in China, in Baoding, Hebei, China (d. 1990); Raymond P. Ahlquist, American pharmacologist, leader researcher in adrenoceptors that led the groundwork to developing beta blockers for many prescription drugs, in Missoula, Montana (d. 1983); Juan Francisco Fresno, Chilean clergy, Archbishop of Santiago de Chile from 1983 to 1990, in Santiago (d. 2004)
    Died: Henry Strutt, British politician, held the office of Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms in the House of Lords from 1895 to 1905 (b. 1840)

July 27, 1914 (Monday)

    July Crisis – Great Britain made a final push for peace, warning Germany and Austria-Hungary it would be forced to side with France and Russia should war break out.
    With the July Crisis reaching the breaking point, Kaiser Wilhelm II returned from vacation to meet with his war council in Berlin.
    Brother Felix Ysagun Manalo registered the Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) with the government of the Philippines.
    Born: Gusti Huber, Austrian actress, best known for the role of Ann Frank's mother Edith in The Diary of Ann Frank, in Wiener Neustadt, Austria (d. 1993); Emerson Woelffer, American painter, leading artist of abstract expressionism in the United States, in Chicago (d. 2003); Miles White, American costumer designer, best known for costume designs in Oklahoma! and Carousel, as well as the film Around the World in 80 Days (d. 2000)
    Born: George Allen, Canadian hockey player, played left wing of the Chicago Blackhawks from 1939 to 1946, in Bayfield, New Brunswick (d. 2000); Dorothee Metlitzki, German-American academic, Yale English literature professor and Zionist advocate, worked as press secretary for the Israeli government under Golda Meir in the 1970s, in Königsberg, East Prussia (d. 2001)

Map of European alliances in 1914
July 28, 1914 (Tuesday)

    World War One – At 11:00 a.m., Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia by telegram. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia ordered a partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary.
    Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau – While the ships of the Imperial German Navy Mediterranean Division were under repair in the Adriatic Sea, Counter Admiral Wilhelm Souchon learned that British and French naval forces had been ordered to capture the ships. He ordered the repairs stopped and the ships to set course for the Dardanelles, a narrow strait in northwestern Turkey, as a means to escape the naval blockade.
    A French jury acquitted Henriette Caillaux, wife of French minister Joseph Caillaux, of the murder of newspaper editor Gaston Calmette after defense lawyer Fernand Labori (who famously defended Alfred Dreyfus) successfully argued the homicide was a crime of passion and not premeditated. Cailllaux shot the editor of Le Figaro in March after she believed Calmette would publish love letters between her and her husband indicating they were intimate while Joseph was still married to his first wife.
    Royal Naval Air Service Squadron Commander Arthur M. Longmore successfully released a 14-inch (356-mm) torpedo from a Short Admiralty Type 81 floatplane, possibly the first successful aerial launch of a torpedo, although Captain Alessandro Guidoni of Italy's drop of a dummy torpedo from the experimental Pateras Pescara monoplane may have occurred earlier that year.
    Born: Carmen Dragon, American film composer, known for film scores including Invasion of the Body Snatchers, in Antioch, California (d. 1984); Kenneth Neate, Australian opera singer, tenor for the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in Germany, in Cessnock, New South Wales, Australia (d. 1997)

July 29, 1914 (Wednesday)

    World War One – The first shots of the war were fired at 1:00 a.m. when Austria's river monitor SMS Bodrog bombarded Belgrade in response to Serbia blowing up the only major bridge across the river Sava which linked the two countries.
    The new Cape Cod Canal opened in Massachusetts, shortening the trip between New York City and Boston by 66 miles, but also turning Cape Cod into an island.
    The first transcontinental telephone line was completed between New York City and San Francisco.
    West Green, Georgia was incorporated as a town until 1995.
    In what became one of the first major motorcycle promotions, Della Crewe of Waco, Texas and her dog "Trouble" traveled 2,147 miles (1,845 kilometres) to Milwaukee on a Harley-Davidson and sidecar. They would eventually do 10 U.S. states by Christmas.
    Born: Irwin Corey, American actor and comic, considered influential in the comedic styles of Lenny Bruce and Tom Smothers, in New York City (still alive as of 2015); Abram Games, English graphic designer,known for many logos and designs, including for the Conquest of the Desert 1953 world's fair exhibition in Jerusalem, in London (d. 1996); Cedric Tallis, American Major League Baseball executive, first general manager of the Kansas City Royals (d. 1991)
    Born: Jake Milford, Canadian hockey coach, general manager of the Los Angeles Kings from 1973 to 1977, in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (d. 1984); Marcel Bich, Italian-French inventor, manufacturer and co-founder of the Bic ballpoint pen, in Turin, Italy (d. 1994); Herbert Bareuther, German Luftwaffe pilot during World War Two, credited to shooting down 55 enemy aircraft, in Egerland, Germany (d. 1945, killed in combat)
    Died: Johann Sperl, German painter, known for his pastoral landscapes of Germany (b. 1840)

July 30, 1914 (Thursday)

    The American Consul at Canton reported massive flooding from the West River in the Kwangtung and Kwangsi provinces of China resulted in 3,300 deaths and $43 million in property damage. Around 112,000 homes were lost and close to 8 million people in need of emergency supplies.
    Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau – Winston Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty, instructed Admiral Sir Archibald Berkeley Milne, commander of the British Mediterranean Fleet, "to aid the French in the transportation of their African Army by covering, and if possible, bringing to action individual fast German ships, particularly Goeben, who may interfere in that action."
    A fireworks explosion during a festival in Tudela, Spain killed 25 people and injured another 50.
    A fire destroyed Seattle's Grand Trunk Pacific Dock, the largest wooden pier structure on America’s west coast, leaving five dead and 29 injured.
    Norwegian aviator Tryggve Gran made the first crossing of the North Sea by aeroplane, flying a Blériot XI-2 monoplane Ca Flotte 465 km (289 mi) from Cruden Bay, Scotland, to Jæren, Norway, in 4 hours 10 minutes.
    Born: Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin, Irish-British journalist and sports leader, 6th president of the International Olympic Committee, in London (d. 1999); André Nocquet, French aikido teacher, one of the first non-Japanese to practice the art and reach the rank of 8th dan (d. 1999); Ken Bell, Canadian war photographer, photographed the Canadian armed forces in the Normandy Landings and the liberation of France, the Netherlands and Belgium during World War Two, in Toronto (d. 2000)

July 31, 1914 (Thursday)

    World War One – Bound by treaty to defend Serbia, Nicholas II of Russia ordered full mobilization of Russian forces against Austria-Hungary.
    A price surge caused by the outbreak of the World War One pushed Great Britain to shut down the London Stock Exchange and prevent a run on the banks. The London Stock Exchange remained closed until the New Year.
    French Socialist leader Jean Jaurès was assassinated in a Parisian café by Raoul Villain, a 29-year-old French nationalist. Jaurès had been due to attend a conference of the International on 9 August, in an attempt to dissuade France from going ahead with the war.
    The post office in Polaris, Arizona closed, officially making the mining community a ghost town.
    Born: Louis de Funès, French actor, best known for his adaptation of the Molière classic The Miser, in Hauts-de-Seine, France (d. 1983); Isolde Ahlgrimm, Austrian pianist, best known for her performances of Bach's The Art of Fugue and The Musical Offering in their original forms, in Vienna (d. 1995); Edgar J. Lesher, American aircraft designer, known for innovative aircraft such as the Lesher Nomad and the Lesher Teal, in Detroit (d. 1998)
    Born: Betty Lowman Carey, Canadian athlete, first woman to row the Inside Passage of British Columbia using a traditional dugout canoe in 1937 (d. 2011); Ignacy Jeż, Polish clergy, Bishop of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg in Poland from 1960 to 1992, in Radomyśl Wielki, Poland (d. 2007); Mary Fair Burks, American academic and civil rights activist, founder of the Women's Political Council, in Montgomery, Alabama (d. 1991)



August 1, 1914 (Saturday)

    The German Empire declared war on the Russian Empire, following Russia's full military mobilization in support of Serbia. The declaration of war was also required for Germany to begin mobilization.
    Italy declared itself neutral at the start of the war despite being part of the Triple Alliance, citing it was a defensive nature and Austria-Hungary's aggression did not obligate the country to take part.
    Germany accepted an offer from Great Britain to guarantee France's neutrality. However, Germany's plan to invade Luxembourg and Belgium forced France to mobilize.
    A secret treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Germany secured Ottoman neutrality.
    The New York Stock Exchange closed due to war in Europe, where nearly all stock exchanges were already closed.
    Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau – Commander of the British Mediterranean Fleet, Admiral Sir Archibald Berkeley Milne, assembled his force at Malta, and on the following day received instructions to shadow the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben. With the German ship already sighted, Milne ordered two British battleships to form a blockade at Gibraltar should the German ships try to escape into the Atlantic Ocean.
    Swiss National Park (Parc Naziunal Svizzer) was established in the Engadin region of Switzerland.
    Marcus Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Jamaica.
    Eleven players from the Russian Empire, who participated in the interrupted Mannheim 1914 chess tournament, were interned in Rastatt, Germany when war began. Four of the players were freed and allowed to return home via Switzerland in September, while two more were released in subsequent years.
    The first issue of the weekly The Illustrated War News was published.
    The Charlie Chaplin comedy The Property Man became the first film to have a continuity error, in which case Charlie Chaplin's character was seen losing a hat while carrying a trunk through a door on one side, only to have it reappear on the other side.
    Born: Hughie Edwards, Australian Royal Air Force pilot during World War Two, recipient of the Victoria Cross, 23rd Governor of Western Australia, in Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia (d. 1982); Edd Cartier, American illustrator, did interiors for pulp magazines including Astounding Science Fiction, Doc Savage Magazine and Unknown, in North Bergen, New Jersey (d. 2008); Mervin King, American law enforcer, captain of the Los Angeles Police Department during the SLA shootout in 1974, in San Francisco (d. 2008)
    Died: Gid Gardner, American baseball player, played for eight different teams in three different leagues from 1879 to 1888 (b. 1859)

August 2, 1914 (Sunday)

    The Imperial Germany Army for World War One was organized into nine armies, with the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th mobilized for the Western Front, the 8th for the Eastern Front, and a North Army to defend Germany's northern coast. Germany also mobilized four independent cavalry corps including the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th for the Western Front and a 1st Calvary Division to service the 8th Army on the Eastern front. Germany also set up defending reserve and fortress units for Strassburg, Metz, Thorn, Königsberg, Posen, and Graudenz. The Imperial Army was abolished on 6 March 1919, and the provisional Reichswehr was created.
    German troops occupied Luxembourg in accordance with its Schlieffen Plan.
    At 7:00 pm (local time) Germany issued a 12-hour ultimatum to neutral Belgium to allow German passage into France.
    The first military action on the Western Front occurred as a skirmish at Joncherey in northeastern France near the border. A small German cavalry illegally crossing the border (no formal declaration of war had yet been made) clashed with local French militia, resulting in at least two fatalities including Jules-André Peugeot, the first French military casualty of World War One.
    The first German soldiers appeared in Kalisz, Poland, considered to be the oldest city in the country.
    The Seven Lancers of Belina – A seven-man reconnaissance team for Austria-Hungary infiltrated Russian-held Poland to gather intelligence. All seven later became cavalry for the Polish army following World War One.
    Dutch cyclist Cor Blekemolen won the 1914 UCI Track Cycling World Championships in Ordrup, Denmark, near Copenhagen.
    The association football club SD Balmaseda FC was formed in Balmaseda, Spain.
    The World's Fair in Lyon remained open despite the outbreak of World War One, although the German and Austrian pavilions were closed.
    Born: Beatrice Straight, American film and theater actress, Oscar winner for Best Supporting Actress in Network, in Old Westbury, New York (d. 2001); Félix Leclerc, Canadian singer-songwriter and advocate for Quebec nationalism, in La Tuque, Quebec (d. 1988); Fay Crocker, Uruguayan-American professional golfer, winner of 11 LPGA tournaments, in Montevideo (d. 1983)

August 3, 1914 (Monday)

    At 7:00 am (local time), King Albert of Belgium refused the German request to violate his country's neutrality, resulting in Germany declaring war on Belgium and on France.
    British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey encouraged the House of Commons to support going to war with Germany should Germany invade Belgium. Later that evening, he made the famous observation to a friend while looking out a window in the Foreign Office as gas lamps in London streets were being lit at dusk: "The lamps are going out all over Europe; we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime."
    The German main force under command of Major Hermann Preusker arrived in Kalisz, Poland. By late evening, gun battles erupted in the city, with Preusker blaming local civilians for shooting at his troops. Twenty-one civilians and six German soldiers were killed.
    The Polish military unit First Cadre Company was established in Cracow, Poland.
    Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty ordered the confiscation of two Ottoman battleships under construction at Armstrong Whitworth in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. The ships were later commissioned for service to the Royal Navy as the HMS Agincourt and HMS Erin.
    The German light cruiser SMS Emden captured the Russian steamer Ryazan and sent it to Tsingtao, China where it was converted into the auxiliary cruiser Cormoran.
    The Imperial German Navy leased the cargo-passenger ship Answald for conversion into Germany's first seaplane carrier, SMS Answald, designated Flugzeugmutterschiff I (Airplane Mothership I).
    English language teacher Henry Hadley was shot in an altercation with a Prussian officer on a train at Gelsenkirchen in Germany, dying two days later shortly after the declaration of war.
    Born: Gordon Bryant, Australian politician, cabinet minister of Aboriginal Affairs from 1972 to 1973, laid much of the groundwork for the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976, in Lismore, Victoria, Australia (d. 1991); Joseph M. Breitenbeck, American clergy, 8th Bishop of Grand Rapids, Michigan from 1969 to 1989, in Detroit (d. 2005); Elizabeth Millicent Chilver, British journalist and academic, principal of Bedford College, University of London from 1964 to 1971, and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford from 1971 to 1979 (d. 2014)
    Died: Louis Couturat, French mathematician, philosopher, and linguist, known for the creation of the constructed language Ido (b. 1868); William Barstow Strong, American rail baron, president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway from 1881 to 1889 (b. 1837)

August 4, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Much of the general populace in Germany celebrated in what became known as the Spirit of 1914 after all political parties in the Reichstag voted unanimously to support Germany's entry into war.
    German armies under command of generals Alexander von Kluck and Karl von Bülow invaded Belgium at 8:02 am (local time) after the 12-hour ultimatum expired.
    Great Britain declared war on Germany at 11:00 p.m. for violating Belgian neutrality.
    The United States declared neutrality at the outbreak of World War One.
    With Great Britain formally at war, former British colonies and sovereign nations Australia, Canada, and New Zealand entered World War One.
    The Canadian government passed the War Measures Act, which suspended some civil rights in Canada during a crisis.
    Violence escalated in Kalisz, Poland as occupying German forces started shelling the city and massacring civilians as part of a pogrom to crack on perceived rebellion. More than 10,000 civilians fled the city the following day.
    Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau – Imperial German Navy cruisers Goeben and Breslau under command of Rear-Admiral Wilhelm Souchon bombarded the ports of Bône and Philippeville in French Algeria despite orders from Germany to head straight for Constantinople. The two British battlecruisers, Indomitable and Indefatigable, made contact with the German warships and tried to shadow them, but the swifter German boats outran them.
    Admiral Sir John Jellicoe was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the newly designated Grand Fleet, based at Scapa Flow.
    The Royal Naval Air Service took inventory of its air fleet, which had only 26 out of 52 seaplanes that were serviceable for flight, with 46 more on order.
    The German ferry SMS Deutschland was commissioned as a mine layer for the Imperial German Navy for the Baltic Sea.
    The British government took control of all the nation's railways as a wartime measure.
    Mahatma Gandhi learned that war had been declared just as he reached London. Soon after, he began organizing the Indian Volunteer Corps to provide non-military support for the British Empire.
    The Order of the White Feather was established by Admiral Charles Cooper Penrose-Fitzgerald, RN (retd), in Folkestone, aiming to persuade women to offer white feathers to men not in uniform to shame them into enlisting.
    The Egyptian association football club El Ittihad Alexandria was formed in Alexandria. The club now has the third largest fan base in Egyptian football league.
    Born: Bernard Newman, Canadian politician, member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1959 to 1987 for the riding of Windsor—Walkerville, in Windsor, Ontario (d. 1995); Edward N. Hall, American ballistics engineer, developed key missile technology from World War Two to 2000, in New York City (d. 2006)
    Died: Hubertine Auclert, feminist and campaigner for women's suffrage (b. 1848); Jules Lemaître, French literary critic and dramatist, critic for Journal des Débats and Revue des Deux Mondes (b. 1853)

August 5, 1914 (Wednesday)

    The Kingdom of Montenegro declared war on Austria-Hungary.
    Battle of Liège – German forces assaulted the city of Liège in east Belgium at 2:30 a.m., instigating the first major battle of World War One.
    The Bryan–Chamorro Treaty was signed between Nicaragua and the United States. The treaty guaranteed the Central American government's stability with U.S. military support, while ensuring the country did not compete against the Panama Canal with construction of its own water route.
    The first shots by the Allies in World War One were from the guns of Point Nepean fort at Port Phillip, Victoria, Australia. The fort's guns fired across the bow of the Norddeutscher Lloyd steamer SS Pfalz as it was attempting to leave the Port of Melbourne in ignorance of the declaration of war (the German ship was detained).
    SS Königin Luise, taken over two days earlier by the Imperial German Navy as a minelayer, laid mines 40 miles (64 km) off the east coast of England. She was intercepted and sunk by the British Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Amphion, the first German naval loss of the war.
    A rail accident in Joplin, Missouri killed 39 people and injured 25 more.
    The German liner SS Prinz Eitel Friedrich was commissioned as an auxiliary cruiser for the Imperial German Navy while stationed in China.
    The British First Army Home Force was formed at Bedford, England as a domestic defense force until 1916 when it reformed as the Northern Army.
    Captain Robert Bartlett of the shipwrecked Karluk completed the first leg of his voyage to rescue the remaining survivors on Wrangel Island in the Bering Sea. He rendezvoused at Port Hope, Alaska to provide new clothing and wages owed to his Intuit guide and companion who traveled with him from Wrangel Island to Siberia in an attempt to get back to civilization and arrange a rescue boat.
    The first electric traffic light was installed on the corner of East 105th Street and Euclid Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio.
    Born: George Clifton Edwards, Jr., American federal judge, served on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit from 1963 to 1995, in Dallas (d. 1995); Parley Baer, American actor, known of character television roles including The Andy Griffith Show and The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, in Salt Lake City (d. 2002);
    Born: Stjepan Šulek, Croatian composer, known for conducting the Chamber Orchestra for Zagreb Radiotelevision, in Zagreb, Austria-Hungary (d. 1986); David Brian, American actor, best known for the Golden Globe nominated lead role in Intruder in the Dust, in New York City (d. 1993)

August 6, 1914 (Thursday)

    Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. Serbia declared war on Germany.
    Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau – Italy refused to provide haven for the German ships under command of Rear-Admiral Wilhelm Souchon in any of their ports. Despite having insufficient coal to guarantee the ships would reach Constantinople, Souchon ordered his ships to make a run for the Turkish port, hoping the naval action would "force the Ottoman Empire, even against their will, to spread the war to the Black Sea against their ancient enemy, Russia."
    The first engagement between ships of the British Royal Navy and the Imperial German Navy began when HMS Bristol pursued the SMS Karlsruhe (which escaped) in the West Indies.

    The Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Amphion struck the same mines laid by the Königin Luise it had sunk the day before with the loss of 150 British sailors, the first British casualties of the war, and 18 German crew members from the German minelayer.
    Battle of Liège – The first air attack on a major European city occurred when a German zeppelin dropped bombs on Liége, killing nine civilians.
    The first airship lost in combat was the Imperial German Army Zeppelin Z VI. Badly damaged by artillery and infantry gunfire on her first combat mission while bombing Liège, Belgium, at low altitude, she limped back into Germany and was wrecked in a crash-landing in a forest near Bonn.
    Ellen Axson Wilson, First Lady of the United States, passed away from Bright's disease (chronic nephritis). It was said she relayed a last message to the White House physician allowing husband and U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to remarry. Her last words supposedly were "Take good care of my husband." She was buried in Rome, Georgia among her family. Woodrow remarried over a year later to Edith Bolling Galt.
    Born: Gordon Freeth, Australian politician, Member of Parliament for Forrest and cabinet minister from 1949 to 1969, in Angaston, South Australia, Australia (d. 1994); Otello Bignami, Italian violin maker, crafted violins for various clients including David Oistrakh (d. 1989)

August 7, 1914 (Friday)

    The British Expeditionary Force arrived in France.
    Battle of Mulhouse – France launched its first attack of the war in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the province of Alsace from Germany, beginning the Battle of the Frontiers.
    The British Royal Navy dissolved the 9th Battle Squadron due to the age of the battleships.
    Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau – Unable to match the speed of the German ships or equal their firepower, British cruisers under command of Rear Admiral Ernest Troubridge called off pursuit in the Adriatic Sea.
    Relief forces from Germany relieved soldiers under Major Hermann Preusker in Kalisz, Poland but high tensions and panic caused more than 100 civilian deaths. German soldiers began a pogrom of burning private buildings, starting with City Hall. The following day, some 800 civilians were rounded up and 80 were executed.
    British colonial troops of the Gold Coast Regiment entered the German West African colony of Togoland and encountered a German-led police force at a factory in Nuatja, near Lomé, where the police opened fire on the patrol. Alhaji Grunshi returned fire, becoming the first soldier in British service to fire a shot in the war.
    The Australian passenger ship HMAS Grantala was acquired by the Royal Australian Navy as a hospital ship.
    The Currency and Bank Notes Act in Great Britain gave wartime powers of banknote issue to the Treasury; the first notes, with the signature of Treasury Secretary John Bradbury, were issued.
    Giard, founded in 1871, was re-incorporated as a town in Clayton County, Iowa and operated until 1925.
    Born: Ted Moore, South African-British cinematographer, best known for his work on the James Bond films in the 1960s and early 1970s, in Western Cape, South Africa (d. 1987); Nat Fein, American news photographer, photographer for The New York Times who received the Pulitzer for his shot of Babe Ruth at the end of his life, known as "The Babe Bows Out", in New York City (d. 2000)
    Died: Bransby Cooper, Indian-Australian cricketer, first Indian-born player to play Test cricket (b. 1844); Charles Davis Lucas, Irish Royal Navy officer, recipient of the Victoria Cross (b. 1834); Daeida Wilcox Beveridge, American business and community leader, co-founder of Hollywood and credited for naming the community (b. 1861)

August 8, 1914 (Saturday)

    Battle of Mulhouse – French forces entered Mulhouse on the Alsace region and held the city for two days before Germany counter-attacked.
    Great Britain passed the first Defence of the Realm Act.
    Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau – Admiral Sir Archibald Berkeley Milne received conflicting reports from Great Britain about engagement in the Mediterranean. He opted to have his ships guard the Adriatic Sea, giving the German warships valuable time to refuel in the Greek Islands.
    British and French soldiers officially prepared to take Lomé, the capital of the German colony of Togoland in West Africa, only to learn Germany allowed the colony government to give up the city in order to prevent it from being hit by a naval bombardment. The British officially occupied the city the following day.
    German colonial forces executed Cameroonian resistance leaders Martin-Paul Samba and Rudolf Duala Manga Bell for high treason.
    Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition set sail on the Endurance from England in an attempt to cross Antarctica.
    The 13th International Lawn Tennis Challenge, now known at the Davis Cup, wrapped with the final played between Great Britain and Australasia at the Longwood Cricket Club in Brookline, Massachusetts. Australasia was victorious over Britain, with a final score of 3-2.
    The Fidalgo Madureira Atlético Clube was formed in Rio de Janeiro. Business owners would change the name to Madureira Atlético Clube in 1933. In 1971, the club merged with two others and became known by its present name Madureira Esporte Clube.
    The German socialist newspaper Die Einigkeit and its counterpart Der Pionier were banned by authorities.
    Born: Hazel Walker, American amateur basketball player, inductee to the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame, in Ashdown, Arkansas (d. 1990); William Thornton Mustard, Canadian physician and surgeon, first to perform experimental open-heart surgery on an animal patient, in Clinton, Ontario (d. 1987)
    Died: John Schuyler Crosby, American military officer and politician, 5th Governor of Montana Territory (b. 1839)

August 9, 1914 (Sunday)

    The Kingdom of Montenegro declared war on Austria-Hungary.
    Leaders of the Constitutional Army met with Mexican president Francisco Carvajal and negotiated a safe passage of all federal troops and senior government leader out of Mexico City in exchange for unconditional surrender. Caravjal agreed to the terms and ordered the federal army to evacuate from Mexico City the following day.
    British Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Birmingham rammed and sank German submarine U-15 off Fair Isle, the first U-boat lost in action.
    Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau – The British received definitive orders to pursue German warships SMS Goeben and Breslau as they attempted to race across the Aegean Sea to the Dardanelles, which would provide safe passage to Constantinople.
    Conducting a reconnaissance mission, the French dirigible (airship) Fleurus became the first Allied aircraft to fly over Germany during World War One.
    Born: Gordon Cullen, influential English architect and urban designer, author of Townscape which influenced the architectural movement, in Calverley, Leeds, England (d. 1994); Ferenc Fricsay, Hungarian-Austrian conductor, best known for his interpretations of Mozart and Beethoven, in Budapest (d. 1963)
    Born: Tove Jansson, Finnish children's author and illustrator, best known for her Moomin book series for children, in Helsinki (d. 2001); Joe Mercer, British association football manager, manager for Manchester City from 1965 to 1971, in Ellesmere Port, England (d. 1990)
    Died: Roque Sáenz Peña, Argentine politician, 17th President of Argentina (b. 1851)

August 10, 1914 (Monday)

    Battle of Mulhouse – Soldiers from the German 7th Army recaptured Mulhouse, forcing French troops to retreat to nearby Belfort.

    The Ottoman Empire opened the Dardanelles to allow German cruisers SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau passage to Constantinople, despite being required under international law, as a neutral party, to block military shipping.
    All suffragette prisoners in Great Britain were released unconditionally.
    The adventure-drama The Call of the North opened at the box office, starring Robert Edeson and directed by Oscar Apfel and Cecil B. DeMille. Based on the play by George Broadhurst, that film was remade in 1921.
    Born: Ken Annakin, British film director, known for adventure films including Swiss Family Robinson and Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines in Beverley, England (d. 2009); Witold Małcużyński, Polish pianist, best known for his piano interpretations of Chopin, in Koziczyn, Poland (d. 1977); Lee Tai-young, Korean lawyer, first woman to practice law and sit as judge in Korea, in Unsan County, Korea (d. 1998)
    Born: Jeff Corey, American actor and acting teacher, instructor famous film actors including James Coburn, James Dean, Jane Fonda, Peter Fonda, Jack Nicholson, Leonard Nimoy, Rob Reiner, Barbra Streisand and Robin Williams, in New York City (d. 2002)

August 11, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Mexican revolutionary leader Álvaro Obregón signed one of the documents related to the Treaties of Teoloyucan, legendarily on the mudguard of a car, which would dissolve the current Mexican regime and allow leaders of the Constitutional Army to set up a new government.
    The British packet ship HMS Empress was acquired and commissioned by the Royal Navy as a seaplane carrier.
    Born: Hugh Martin, American composer, best known for his scores of Meet Me In St. Louis including "The Boy Next Door," "The Trolley Song," and "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas", in Birmingham, Alabama (d. 2011); John J. Wild, British-American physician, one of the first group to use ultrasound for body imaging, including detecting cancers, in Kent, England (d. 2009)
    Born: Bevo Howard, American aerobatic pilot and businessman, became the first pilot to fly an outside loop in a light plane in 1938, in Bath, South Carolina (d. 1971, killed in an air crash); Rudy Pilous, Canadian hockey player and coach, coached the Chicago Black Hawks from 1960 to 1961 when they won the Stanley Cup, in Winnipeg (d. 1994)
    Died: Emil Fischer, German operatic bass, best known for his bombastic style for the Wagner operas (b. 1838); Thomas M. Logan, American military officer, general for the Confederate Army during the American Civil War (b. 1840)

August 12, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Great Britain and France declared war on Austria-Hungary.
    Mexician president Francisco Carvajal formally left Mexico City for Veracruz, allowing the Constitutional Army to enter the city.
    Battle of Haelen – Belgian troops under command of Lieutenant-General Léon de Witte de Haelen repulsed a German cavalry under command of Georg von der Marwitz in what was the second phase of the Battle of the Frontiers, though the battle did little to delay the German invasion of Belgium.
    Karl von Müller, commander of the German light cruiser SMS Emden, met with German Imperial Navy Admiral Maximilian von Spee at Pagan, one of the Mariana Islands in the north Pacific Ocean to discuss naval strategy. Spee learned Japan was siding with the Allies and that the Japanese fleet had been ordered to track the German squadron down. The two naval officers agreed to have the Edem to stay behind in the eastern Pacific as an independent raider while the bulk of the German Pacific sqaudron led the Japanese fleet away towards South America.
    The city of General Alvear, Mendoza, Argentina was incorporated (named after General Carlos María de Alvear).
    Lieutenant Robin R. Skene and mechanic R. Barlow crashed their Blériot monoplane on the way to Dover, becoming the first members of the Royal Flying Corps to die on active duty.
    Born: Ruth Lowe, Canadian pianist and songwriter, composed the song "I'll Never Smile Again" (d. 1981); William Glenn, American cardiac surgeon, co-created an early version of the artificial heart, in Asheville, North Carolina (d. 2003)
    Died: John Philip Holland, Irish engineer, developed the first Royal Navy submarine (b. 1840); Albert S. Bickmore, American naturalist, one of the founders of the American Museum of Natural History (b. 1839)

August 13, 1914 (Thursday)

    The Treaties of Teoloyucan were officially signed in Mexico City.Interim president Francisco S. Carvajal officially resigned from office to make way for the inauguration of Venustiano Carranza.
    Twelve Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 observation aircraft from No. 2 Squadron, Royal Flying Corps, flying from Dover, became the first British aircraft to arrive in France for the war.
    Born: Luis Mariano, Spanish opera singer, popular tenor best known for cinematic adaptations to The Barber of Seville and The Singer from Mexico, in Irun, Spain (d. 1970)
    Died: Gregor McGregor, Australian politician and trade union leader, Senator for South Australia from 1901 to 1914, first major Australian politician who was legally blind (b. 1848)

August 14, 1914 (Friday)

    Battle of Lorraine – The third phase of the Battle of the Frontiers began when the French First Army advanced on German forces near Sarrebourg, Lorraine.
    Rebel forces tried to capture Durrës, the capital of Albania, but were driven back by defending Romanian volunteer forces.
    Austrian steamer Baron Gautsch struck a mine and sank in the Adriatic Sea off the coast of Croatia, killed at least 150 passengers.
    The German light cruiser SMS Emden left the rest of the Imperial German Navy Pacific squadron and set course to cruise the major shipping lanes between Singapore, Colombo and Aden.
    The Portimonense S.C. was formed in Portimão, Portugal as an association football club, but since expanded to include basketball in its rosters.
    The 12 de Octubre Football Club was formed in Itauguá, Paraguay. Near its centennial, the association football club was promoted to the Paraguayan Primera División.
    The song "They Didn't Believe Me" — composed by Jerome Kern with lyrics by Herbert Reynolds — was added to the musical The Girl from Utah when it debuted at the Knickerbocker Theatre on Broadway and became a musical standard for most of the first-half of the 20th-century.
    The Broadway comedic play Twin Beds debuted at the Fulton Theatre and ran for 411 performances.
    Born: Francis Lawrence Jobin, Canadian politician, 18th Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba, in Winnipeg (d. 1995); Alija Sirotanović, Bosnian miner, recipient of the Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour, pictured on the 20,000 Yugoslav dinar banknote, in Orahovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (d. 1990)

August 15, 1914 (Saturday)

    The Panama Canal was inaugurated with the passage of the SS Ancon.
    Australia recruited an offering of 20,000 troops for the First Australian Imperial Force to fight in World War One.
    Battle of Lorraine – German artillery and dug-in infantry bombarded French forces undisturbed and inflicted major casualties.
    Battle of Cer – Serbian troops clashed with the invading Austro-Hungarian army on Cer Mountain in western Serbia, marking the first Allied victory of World War One.
    Battle of Agbeluvhoe – Over 2,000 soldiers with the British Royal West African Frontier Force clashed with 1,500 German soldiers on their way to capture Chra, the last remaining defensive city in Togoland, resulting in a British victory.
    Mexican Revolution – Venustiano Carranza's troops under general Álvaro Obregón entered Mexico City.
    A dismissed servant killed seven people at American architect Frank Lloyd Wright's studio and home, Taliesin in Wisconsin (including his mistress, Mamah Borthwick), and set it on fire.
    The Australian Voluntary Hospital was formed, with volunteer Australian expats providing medical services to the Western Front throughout World War One.
    American explorer and mountaineer Dora Keen led a four-person expedition to explore the glaciers in Prince William Sound, Alaska and became one of the first to explore the Harvard Glacier.
    Victoria defeated South Australia to win the third edition of the Australian National Football Carnival in Sydney, going virtually undefeated through the entire football championship.
    The 8th New Zealand rugby tour of Australia wrapped with New Zealand winning the series with three victories.
    Born: Paul Rand, American graphic designer, best known for designing logos for IBM, UPS, Enron, Morningstar, Inc., Westinghouse, American Broadcasting Company and Steve Jobs' NeXT, in New York City (d. 1996); Basil Eugster, British military officer, Commander-in-Chief, Land Forces for Great Britain from 1972 to 1974 (d. 1984)
    Born: Herman Branson, American physicist and chemist, lead researcher in protein structures (d. 1995); Lajos Baróti, Hungarian association football player and manager, coached the national team between 1957 to 1966 and 1975 to 1978 and winning 11 major championship titles, in Szeged, Hungary (d. 2005)
    Died: Adolfo Carranza, Argentine public servant, established the National Historical Museum in Buenos Aires (b. 1857)

August 16, 1914 (Sunday)

    Battle of Liège – The German captured the last of the military forts in the Belgium city. The siege lasted 11 days as opposed to the two days the Germans planned for, delaying their advance just enough for British and French forces to organize.
    Battle of Cer – Serbian forces pushed the Austro-Hungarians off the slopes of Cer Mountain in western Serbia.
    The Austrian-Hungarian battle cruiser SMS Zenta was sunk by Allied ships at the Battle of Antivari in the Adriatic Sea with the loss of 173 sailors.
    German warships SMS Goeben and Breslau were transferred to the Ottoman Navy, with Goeben becoming its flagship, Yavuz Sultan Selim and Breslau becoming Midilli.
    Second Lieutenant Evelyn Perry of the Royal Air Force died in a plane crash during a flying mission over France, becoming one of the first major British officers to die in World War One.
    Born: Jack O'Brian, American entertainment journalist, noted for his television column in New York Journal American, in Buffalo, New York (d. 2000); John Marlow Thompson, Royal Air Force officer and a flying ace of World War Two, in Keynsham, England (d. 1994)

August 17, 1914 (Monday)

    Battle of Stallupönen – The Russian First Army under General Paul von Rennenkampf invaded East Prussia. The German First Corps under command of General Hermann von François went against orders and committed a frontal assault on Russian forces near Stallupönen even though their forces were vastly outnumbered. The bold assault forced the Russians to retreat, with over 7,000 casualties, including nearly 5,000 prisoners. The Germans sustained around 1,300 casualties and continued to pursue the retreating army until Russian artillery forced them back.
    Battle of Lorraine – After delayed by German long-range artillery fire the day before, the French First Army reinforced the advancing line and took Sarrebourg.
    The Imperial Japanese Navy's first aviation ship, Wakamiya, was recommissioned as a seaplane carrier.
    The first feature film produced in New Zealand, Hinemoa debuted at the Lyric Theatre in Auckland. Directed by George Tarr and featuring Māori actors, the film tells the Māori legend of lovers Hinemoa and Tutanekai.

    Born: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr., American lawyer and politician, son of Franklin D. Roosevelt (d. 1988); Gabrielle Weidner, Belgian-Dutch resistance fighter during World War Two, responsible for the rescue of over 800 Dutch Jews and 100 Allied airmen, recipient of the Dutch Cross of Resistance, in Brussels (d. 1945); Hank Soar, American football player, played running back and defensive back for the New York Giants from 1937 to 1946, in Alton, Rhode Island (d. 2001)
    Died: James Grierson, British army officer, chief British military commander in the Anglo-Egyptian, the Boxer Rebellion and the Second Boer War (b. 1859)

August 18, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Battle of Mulhouse – The newly formed Army of Alsace under command of General Paul Pau mounted a second invasion into the Alsace region. The army captured key bridges on the Rhine as well as thousands of German soldiers and 24 pieces of artillery.
    The Ersatz Corps for the German 6th Army was established.
    Born: Arthur Tange, Australian public servant, Secretary of the Department of Defence (Australia) from 1970 to 1979 where he instituted many reforms (d. 2001); Alvin M. Johnston, American test pilot, tested air prototypes for Bell Aircraft and Boeing, in Admire, Kansas (d. 1998); Bernard Lippmann, American physicist, co-developer of the Lippmann–Schwinger equation for particle collisions, in New York City (d. 1988)
    Died: Anna Yesipova, Russian pianist, most famous pupil and performer of Polish composer Theodor Leschetizky (b. 1851)

August 19, 1914 (Wednesday)

    The Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria signed an alliance.
    U.S. President Woodrow Wilson addressed U.S. Congress and called for strict neutrality during World War One: "Such divisions amongst us would be fatal to our peace of mind and might seriously stand in the way of the proper performance of our duty as the one great nation at peace, the one people holding itself ready to play a part of impartial mediation and speak the counsels of peace and accommodation, not as a partisan, but as a friend."
    The Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force left Sydney with 1,500 men on the newly commissioned HMAS Berrima to capture German New Guinea.
    The Southwestern Front of the Imperial Russian Army was established.
    Born: Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury, French politician, Prime Minister of France during the Fourth Republic, in Luisant, France (d. 1993); Gypsy Boots, American fitness pioneer, first major promoter of yoga and health food as practices for a healthy lifestyle, author of the memoir The Gypsy in Me, in San Francisco (d. 2004)
    Died: Alphonse Six, Belgium association football player, played for the Belgium national team from 1910 to 1914 (killed in combat) (b. 1890)

August 20, 1914 (Thursday)

    German forces occupied Brussels. The Siege of Namur began the same day.
    Venustiano Carranza and his supporters entered Mexico City to set up a new Mexican government, backed by Álvaro Obregón. An estimated 150,000 city residents lined the streets to view the Carranza procession as it headed to the Presidential Palace.
    Pope Pius X died at 1:20 a.m. with his last words reported to be "Together in one: all things in Christ," referencing the motto he used in his 1903 encyclical shortly after he was elevated to Pontificate of the Roman Catholic Church. His body was immediately lain in state at St. Peter's Basilica.
    Battle of Lorraine – The battles of Sarrebourg and Morhange began when German forces counter-attacked, forcing several separate battles against the French armies. French forces retreated in disorder but Germany was slow to pursue, allowing France to regroup.
    Battle of Gumbinnen – Trying to capitalize on his successful attack on the Russians three days earlier, General Hermann von François persuaded his commanding officer Maximilian von Prittwitz to launch a major offensive against the Russian First Army. Despite initial successful advances with infantry, German forces were forced back by Russian artillery. The Russian army counterattacked and captured 6,000 German soldiers. Faced with already 14,000 in casualties, Prittwitz panicked and ordered a general retreat, leaving East Prussia in the hands of the Russians.
    Forty British and American labourers were killed after a concrete building for a new custom house suddenly collapsed in Ceiba, Honduras.
    The religious congregation Society of Saint Paul was founded in Alba, Piedmont, Italy by Friar Giacomo Alberione. It was officially approved by the Holy See in 1949.
    Born: Yann Goulet, French sculptor, Breton nationalist and war-time collaborationist with Nazi Germany, in Saint-Nazaire, France (d. 1999); Colin MacInnes, English novelist, author of the London Trilogy which included City of Spades, Absolute Beginners, and Mr Love & Justice, in London (d. 1976)
    Died: Franz Xavier Wernz, German Jesuit priest, 25th Superior General of the Society of Jesus (b. 1842)

August 21, 1914 (Friday)

    The fourth phase of the Battle of the Frontiers began with the French army clashing with German forces at the Battle of the Ardennes on the border of Luxembourg and the Battle of Charleroi on the Sambre river in Belgium.
    Rebel forces captured the port city of Vlorë, Albania without resistance.
    Two Imperial Germany Army Zeppelins on their first combat missions became the second and third airships lost in combat after being damaged by French infantry and artillery fire during low-altitude missions in the Vosges mountains. Z VII limped back into Germany to crash near St. Quirin in Lothringen, while Z VIII crash-landed in a forest near Badonvillers, France, where French cavalry drove off her crew and looted her. The loss of three airships on their first combat missions in August soured the German Army on the further combat use of airships.
    Reconnaissance cyclist Private John Parr (perhaps aged 15) was the first British soldier to be killed on the Western Front, at Obourg in Belgium.
    The 11th Division and 10th Division were formed as part of Kitchener's Army and would play major roles in the Gallipoli Campaign the following year.
    Captain Robert Bartlett of the sunken Karluk met Burt McConnell, secretary for expedition leader Vilhjalmur Stefansson, at Point Barrow, Alaska, who gave details of Stefansson's movements after leaving the ship the previous September when it was trapped in ice. McConnell reported in April that Stefansson had headed north with two companions, searching for new lands. McConnell later left Point Barrow for Nome aboard the American fishing schooner King and Winge while Bartlett's rescue ship, the Bear, finally sailed for Wrangel Island.
    Twenty-one-year-old golfer Walter Hagen won the U.S. Open by a single stroke over Chick Evans in what would be the first of two U.S. Open titles.
    A total solar eclipse occurred that was visible in northern Europe and most of Asia. It was also the first of four total solar eclipses that would be seen from Sweden during the next 40 years.
    Died: Charles J. Hite, American film producer, president and CEO of Thanhouser Film Corporation in New York City (killed in an auto accident) (b. 1876)

August 22, 1914 (Saturday)

    Austria-Hungary declared war on Belgium.

    Polish military leader Józef Piłsudski declared the establishment of Polish Legions to serve Austria-Hungary against the Russian Empire, with Piłsudski taking command of the 1st Brigade.
    Battle of Rossignol –French division commander Léon Amédée François Raffenel and brigade commander Charles Rondony were killed while leading the 3rd Colonial Infantry Division against Germany's 11th and 12th Divisions at the village of Rossignol in Belgium. The French division was destroyed as a fighting force, with more than 10,000 colonial infantrymen killed, wounded or taken prisoner in the battle. The Germans sustained just under 4,000 casualties.
    Battle of Lorraine – The right flank of the French First Army was attacked and driven back from where it began its offensive on August 14 was still able to remain in contact with the Second Army.
    The British Expeditionary Force reached Mons. Just after 6:30 a.m. British cavalryman Captain Charles Beck Hornby was reputed to be the first British soldier to kill a German soldier using his sword, while Drummer Edward Thomas of the 4th Dragoon Guards was reputed to have fired the British Army's first shot of the war near the Belgian village of Casteau, the first time a British soldier fired a shot in combat on mainland Europe since the Battle of Waterloo 99 years earlier.
    While commanding the French 24th Infantry Division at the battle of Robelmont (near Meix-devant-Virton, Belgium), French general Achille Pierre Deffontaines was shot in the head and grievously wounded, among the other 27,000 fellow soldiers that fell in battle that day. He died at military hospital in Reims four days later, the youngest French general to die in the war.
    The Germany army ended the destruction of Kalisz in Poland with 95 per cent of the city's buildings burned or demolished, and only 5,000 of the 65,000 residents left in the city (most had fled when the pogrom started on August 2).
    Battle of Chra – Combined British and French forces defeated German soldiers and paramilitary police at Chra, a village on the River Chra in Togoland, West Africa. The Allied forces sustained 75 casualties while the German defenders lost 13, but most of the army deserted by the time the battle was over.
    The body of the late Pope Pius X lay in state in St. Peter's Basilica for mourners before entombed the same day.
    An Avro 504 of the Royal Flying Corps's No. 5 Squadron on patrol over Belgium was shot down by German rifle fire, the first British aircraft ever to be destroyed in action.
    An early attempt to get a Lewis gun into action in air-to-air combat failed when a Royal Flying Corps Farman armed with one scrambled to intercept a German Albatros and took 30 minutes to climb to 1,000 feet (305 meters) because of the gun's weight. On landing, the pilot was ordered to remove the Lewis gun and carry a rifle on future missions.
    The 38th season of Victorian Football Association in Australia ended the North Melbourne Football Club defeating Footscray by 35 points in the premier final. It was the club's fourth VFA premiership, and marked the beginning of a period of unprecedented dominance for North Melbourne, which included three consecutive premierships, and a 58-match winning streak which lasted from 1914 to 1919.
    The first issue of the British war magazine The War Illustrated was published. It was discontinued in 1919 but restarted again in 1939 at the start of World War Two.
    Born: Jack Dunphy, American novelist and playwright, best known for his long-term relationship with Truman Capote, author of Dear Genius: A Memoir of My Life with Truman Capote, in Atlantic City, New Jersey (d. 1992); Walter R. Kramer, Swiss-American badminton player, winner of the U.S. Championships men's single title for 1937 and 1938, in Buchs, St. Gallen, Switzerland (d. 1995); Augie Donatelli, American baseball umpire, umpire for the National League from 1950 to 1973, in Heilwood, Pennsylvania (d. 1990)
    Died: James Dickson Innes, British landscape painter, member of the Camden Town Group (b. 1887)

August 23, 1914 (Sunday)

    Japan declared war on Germany.
    Battle of Tannenberg – Fighting began between German and Russian forces. Russian author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn blended fiction with actual events in the battle for his 1970 novel August 1914, in what became the first book in The Red Wheel cycle.
    Battle of Kraśnik – The Austro-Hungarian First Army clashed with the Russian Fourth Army at the province of Galicia (now the Ukraine) bordered both the Russian Austria-Hungarian empires, as part of larger campaign known at the Battle of Galicia.
    Battle of Mons – In its first major action, the British Expeditionary Force held the German forces but then began a month-long fighting Great Retreat to the Marne River, closing the fifth and final phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.
    Both the Battle of the Ardennes and the Battle of Charleroi ended in French defeat.

    Maurice Dease became the first British officer of World War One to die in combat. Dease was commanding a machine gun unit defending the main bridge to Nimy, Belgium and when it came under attack by German forces. Eyewitnesses reported Dease continued to command fire from the machine guns despite being shot three times until all the men under his command were killed and he had succumbed to his wounds. He was awarded the Victoria Cross posthumously, the first to be awarded in World War One.
    The Republic of China canceled the German lease of Kiaochow Bay (Kiautschou).
    A New Zealand expeditionary force occupied the German colony of German Samoa, following an unopposed invasion.
    Born: Jack Hemi, New Zealand rugby player of Māori descent, played in the Auckland Rugby League from 1936 to 1945 (d. 1996)
    Died: Prince Friedrich of Saxe-Meiningen, German noble and military officer, killed during fighting at Tarcienne, Belgium during the German invasion (b. 1861)

August 24, 1914 (Monday)

    French Chief of Staff General Joseph Joffre ordered all French forces to withdraw from Verdun with orders to destroy rail stations along the way and inflict as many German casualties as possible for a counter-attack, in what became known as the Great Retreat.
    Battle of Lorraine – The French First and Second Army repelled the German offensive and were eventually able to regain all the ground lost by September.
    Siege of Antwerp – The Belgian army made a first sortie from Antwerp to the defensive line east of the city in an attempt to distract German reserve troops observing the city and to cut German communications through Leuven and Brussels. However, the military maneuver was halted two days later when Allied forces withdrew, forcing the Belgian troops to return to the city.
    Action of Elouges – The British Expeditionary Force withdrew from Mons, Belgium with the German Army in pursuit. British cavalry charged German guns to give British forces time to retreat, losing an entire regiment in the process.
    Siege of Maubeuge – German forces laid siege to Maubeuge in France then left behind a corps to bombard the fortress.
    The first fully mechanized unit of the Canadian Army — Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade — was established in Ottawa under command of Brigadier-General Raymond Brutinel. The unit would later play a significant part in halting the major German offensive of March 1918.
    Winnie, a female black bear that supposedly inspired author A. A. Milne to create the character Winnie-the-Pooh, was born at the London Zoo.
    Born: Anders Aalborg, Canadian politician, served in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1948 to 1971 as a member of the Social Credit Party, served as Provincial Treasurer and other cabinet positions, in Oxville, Alberta (d. 2000); George Turbeville, American baseball player, pitcher for the Philadelphia Athletics from 1935 to 1937, in Turbeville, South Carolina (d. 1983); Ford E. Stinson, American politician, member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1940 to 1944 and 1952 to 1972, in Benton, Louisiana (d. 1989)
    Died: Darius Miller, president of Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad from 1910 to 1914 (b. 1859); Normand MacLaurin, Australian academic, vice-chancellor of the University of Sydney (b. 1835); Johannes Weiss, German theologian, influential interpreter of the Gospels from an eschatological perspective (b. 1863)

August 25, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Japan declared war on Austria-Hungary.

    German troops ravaged the city of Leuven, Belgium at the height of violence against civilians in what historians referred to as The Rape of Belgium. The entire population of 10,000 people were expelled from the city, along with 248 civilian deaths. More civilian deaths were reported in eastern and central Belgium including Aarschot (156 dead), Andenne (211 dead), Tamines (383 dead), and Dinant (674 dead).
    German artillery bombardments on forts forced most defending Belgium troops to retreat from Namur, Belgium, allowing German forces to take the city.
    Battle of Kraśnik – After days of cavalry and infantry attacks on both sides, Austria-Hungary was able to route Russia and inflict some 20,000 casualties including 6,000 prisoners, while sustain 15,000 casualties.

    British and French forces conquered the Germany colony Togoland in West Africa.
    Kamerun Campaign – German and British forces clashed for the first time in the Battle of Tepe, a German border station on the Benue River in Kamerun (now Cameroon). The Germans abandoned the station during the British assault.
    Mexican revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata agreed to lay down arms and recognize the new Mexican government on condition it accepted the agrarian reforms laid out in the Plan of Ayala.
    Flying a Morane-Saulnier Type G monoplane, Imperial Russian Army pilot Pyotr Nesterov became the first pilot to down an enemy aircraft in aerial combat. After firing unsuccessfully with a pistol at an Austro-Hungarian Albatros B.II crewed by Franz Malina (pilot) and Baron Friederich von Rosenthal (observer), Nesterov rammed the Albatros. Both aircraft crashed, killing all three men.
    The library of the Catholic University of Leuven was set on fire by German troops during the Rape of Belgium, resulting in the destruction of over 300,000 medieval books and manuscripts.
    Efforts to rescue the remaining survivors of the Karluk on Wrangel Island in the Bering Sea were delayed when Bear, the rescue ship, was stopped by ice 20 miles (32 km) from the island. After failing to force a way through, the ship returned to Nome for more coal.
    Died: Powell Clayton, American politician U.S. Senator of Arkansas from 1868 till 1871 (b. 1833); William McLean, New Zealand politician, Member of Parliament for Wellington from 1892 to 1893 (b. 1845); Félix Debax, French Olympic fencer and military officer, competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics, killed while fighting German forces at Saint-Maurice-sous-les-Côtes, France (b. 1864)

August 26, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Battle of Tannenberg – The main battle began between the Russian Second Army under command of General Alexander Samsonov and the German 8th Army under command of Colonel General Paul von Hindenburg and Major General Erich Ludendorff.
    Siege of Antwerp – A German Zeppelin airship bombed the city, killing 10 civilians.
    Battle of Río de Oro – British Royal Navy protected cruiser HMS Highflyer forced the SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, sailing as an auxiliary cruiser, to scuttle off the Spanish Saharan territory of Río de Oro.
    Battle of Mulhouse – Despite successes in taking German territory, the French Army of Alsace was recalled, disbanded and merged with other defending armies closer to Paris as the Western Front began to form.
    Battle of Lorraine – The battle officially ended in a French victory, but with a loss of 65,000 casualties. German casualties remained unknown although analysis of German army records in 2009 suggested the German 6th and 7th Armies sustained over 36,000 casualties.

    Battle of Le Cateau – British and French Allies retreated from Le Cateau under withering German artillery fire to Saint Quentin, sustaining over 7,800 casualties, including 2,600 taken prisoner and 38 artillery guns abandoned. The battle began the start of the Great Retreat.
    Battle of Le Grand Fayt – The 2nd Connaught Rangers covered the retreat of the British 5th Infantry Brigade as part of the Great Retreat in France, despite the loss of nearly 300 men.
    Battle of Galicia – The Battle of Komarów began when Austrian-Hungarian forces under command of Field Marshal Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf attempted to break break the Russian line in the Ukraine, but stiff resistance forced them back.
    A pair of Russian battle cruisers shelled German cruiser SMS Magdeburg after she ran aground on an island in the Gulf of Finland, killing 15 crewmen.
    Rutland Boughton's fairy opera The Immortal Hour was first performed in Glastonbury Assembly Rooms at the inaugural Glastonbury Festival co-founded by the English socialist composer.
    Born: Julio Cortázar, Flemish-Argentine writer, one of the founding writers of the Latin American Boom, in Ixelles, Belgium (d. 1984); Atilio García, Argentine-Uruguayan association football player, became the second-highest all-time goal-scorer in Uruguayan football during his time with the Club Nacional de Football from 1938 to 1951, in Junín, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina (d. 1973)

August 27, 1914 (Thursday)

    Battle of Tannenberg – The Russian Second Army maintained a steady advance on the German line, but lack of surveillance and communication prevented General Alexander Samsonov from becoming fully aware that his flanks were breaking down.
    Battle of Étreux – The 2nd Royal Munster Fusiliers of the British Expeditionary Force halted a German advance for 14 hours while allowing the rest of the force to retreat. By nightfall, the Munsters were surrounded and forced to surrender but succeeded in allowing the British Army to escape.
    Siege of Antwerp – The Belgian army lost its offensive capacity and ordered its troops to Péronne in France to bolster defenses.
    Battle of Tsingtao – The Japanese Imperial Navy and British Royal Navy set up a blockade at the German colonial port of Tsingtao, China.
    The Royal Naval Air Service's famed Eastchurch Squadron arrived in France for World War One service, commanded by Wing Commander Charles Samson.
    Ramón Báez succeeded José Bordas Valdez as President of the Dominican Republic.
    Charlie Chaplin directed his 10th film with The Masquerader which he co-starred with Roscoe Arbuckle.
    Died: Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, Austrian economist, contributed to the development of the Austrian School of Economics (b. 1851); William Lewis, 1st Baron Merthyr, Welsh coal baron, founder of the Monmouthshire and South Wales Coal Association (b. 1837)

August 28, 1914 (Friday)

    Battle of Heligoland Bight – The first naval battle between Great Britain and Germany took place in the North Sea off the German coast. The British fleet under the command of Admiral David Beatty defeated the German fleet under Admiral Franz von Hipper, with Germany losing light cruisers SMS Mainz, Köln and Ariadne as well as a destroyer along with 1,200 casualties, including Rear Admiral Leberecht Maass who was commanding the Köln. The British lost no ships and only a few dozen casualties.
    Battle of Tannenberg – Lack of food and ammunition forced the Russian Second Army to begin withdrawing.
    The Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry left Ottawa for Montreal to board the SS Megantic for Europe, the first Canadian military regiment mobilized for World War One.
    The funeral mass for Pope Pius X was held in the Sistine Chapel at Vatican City with nearly 50 cardinals in attendance. The conclave to choose a new pope began the next day.
    Born: Glenn Osser, American conductor and arranger, worked with many renowned American signers including Patti Page, Doris Day, and Johnny Mathis, in Munising, Michigan (d. 2014)
    Died: Anatoly Lyadov, Russian composer and music instructor, taught many of renowned Russian composers at the St. Petersburg Conservatory his pupils including Sergei Prokofiev, Nikolai Myaskovsky, Mikhail Gnesin, Lazare Saminsky and Boris Asafyev (b. 1855); Samuel Barrett Miles, British diplomat, served as diplomat for British Empire for the Arab-speaking countries from 1872 from 1886 (b. 1838)

August 29, 1914 (Saturday)

    Battle of Tannenberg – German forces surrounded the retreating Russian Second Army in open fields at the village of Frogenau, east of Tannenberg where many were mowed down by enemy fire.
    Battle of St. Quentin – The French Fifth Army attacked St. Quentin but German forces were alerted of the attack from intelligence given by a captured French officer. The Germans held off French troops from entering the town although successful attacks on right guard forced some of the units to fall back. In all, the French sustained 10,000 casualties while Germany took 7,000 casualties.
    Battle of Gnila Lipa – Austrian-Hungarian forces reformed a new line of defense on the Gnila Lipa River in the Ukraine against the Russian Imperial Army.
    Siege of Maubeuge – Germany artillery began to bombard the fortress in Maubeuge, and would capture it within a week.
    Kamerun Campaign – The British Royal West African Frontier Force clashed with German troops in the First Battle of Garua, a border post near the port city of Garoua, Kamerun (now Cameroon).
    The Liverpool Pals were formed as part of the King's (Liverpool) Regiment.
    Born: Bernard Vonnegut, American atmospheric scientist, discovered using silver iodide could be used in cloud seeding, older brother to author Kurt Vonnegut, in Indianapolis (d. 1997); Paavali (Olmari) of Finland, Russian-Finnish clergy, archbishop of the Finnish Orthodox Church from 1960 to 1987, in Saint Petersburg (d. 1988); Willard Waterman, American actor, best known the title character in the radio series The Great Gildersleeve in the 1940s and 1950s, in Madison, Wisconsin (d. 1995)

August 30, 1914 (Sunday)

    Battle of Tannenberg – German forces almost completely annihilated the Russian Second Army with 92,000 captured, 78,000 killed or wounded, and only 10,000 escaping. German forces only lost 12,000 out of the 150,000 men committed to the battle. Rather than notify Nicholas II of Russia of the defeat, commanding general Aleksander Samsonov left his field headquarters and disappeared into the nearby woods. A German search party came across his body a year later, with evidence the Russian officer had committed suicide with his own pistol. The Red Cross arranged to return his body to his family.
    Battle of St. Quentin – French forces received the order to retreat from Saint Quentin, but were able to repulse any German counterattacks.
    Battle of Gnila Lipa – Austrians-Hungarian forces attempted to take advantage of a 48-hour delay for the Imperial Russian Army to reorganize for attack with a new assault, but the opposing side had more artillery guns. The defense line collapsed and 20,000 Austrian-Hungarian troops were taken prisoner during the retreat.
    German aircraft bombed Paris for the first time, killing one civilian. German warplanes also attacked the city the following day.
    New Zealand troops landed at German Samoa (later Western Samoa) in the Pacific and occupied the Germany colony until 1920.
    Mexican revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata agreed to support the new Mexican government under Venustiano Carranza.
    An Armenian militia of members with the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party was organized in the city of Zeitun (Süleymanlı), Turkey to resist the Ottoman Empire.
    Born: Julie Bishop, American actress, known for film roles in Princess O'Rourke and The High and the Mighty, in Denver (d. 2001); Michael Howlett, American politician, 33rd Illinois Secretary of State, in Chicago (d. 1992)
    Born: Sydney Wooderson, British middle-distance runner, silver medalist at the 1934 Commonwealth Games and gold medalist at 1938 and 1946 European Athletics Championships, in Camberwell, England (d. 2006); Rudolf Enseling, German officer for the Waffen SS during World War Two, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Karlsruhe, Germany (d. 1977)
    Died: Ingress Bell, English architect and professional partner of Sir Aston Webb (b. 1837); Daniel Elmer Salmon, American veterinarian surgeon, leading researcher in animal diseases for the U.S. Department of Agriculture including Salmonella (b. 1850)

August 31, 1914 (Monday)

    The Vatican held a papal conclave to choose a successor to Pope Pius X, who passed away on August 20.
    Kamerun Campaign – The First Battle of Garua ended when British colonial troops were pushed out of the West African German colony Kamerun after unsuccessfully trying to capture key forts in Garua.
    Born: Joan Barclay, American actress, starred in many B movies on the 1930s and 1940s including Prison Shadows and Phantom Patrol in Minneapolis (d. 2002); Richard Basehart, American actor, best known for the role of Admiral Harriman Nelson in the 1960s television series Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, in Zanesville, Ohio (d. 1984); Franz Rosenthal, German-American academic, professor of Semitic and Arabic languages at Yale University from 1956 to 1985, in Berlin (d. 2003)


September 1, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Due to war with Germany, Saint Petersburg in Russia changed its name to Petrograd, meaning "Peter's City", to remove the German words Sankt and Burg.
    Action at Néry – A cavalry brigade from the retreating British Army fought a skirmish against an opposing German cavalry brigade twice their size, during the Great Retreat from Mons. The British artillery was mostly put out of action in the first few minutes, but a single gun successfully kept up a steady fire for two and a half hours against a full German battery until British reinforcements arrived. Three men of the artillery unit were awarded the Victoria Cross for their part in the battle, including Edward Kinder Bradbury who died from wounds during the battle. The battery itself was later awarded the honour title of "Néry", the only British Army unit to have this as a battle honour.
    The British 3rd Cavalry Division was established under the command of Major-General the Hon. Julian Byng and remained active until 1919.
    The 15th Battalion for the Canadian Expeditionary Force was established and deployed for Europe of September 26. The battalion received battle honors for key World War One battles including the Second Battle of Ypres, Battle of the Somme, Battle of Vimy Ridge, and Battle of Passchendaele. It was disbanded in 1918 but later reformed as the 48th Highlanders of Canada.
    The Imperial Japanese Navy seaplane carrier Wakamiya arrived off Kiaochow Bay, China, to participate in operations during the Siege of Tsingtao. It was the first combat deployment of an aviation ship by any country.
    The last known passenger pigeon "Martha" died in the Cincinnati Zoo.
    The poem "August, 1914" by John Masefield was published in the September 1 issue of The English Review, the first piece of literature written about World War One.
    Born: Elvin A. Kabat, American biomedical scientist, considered one of the founding fathers of modern quantitative immunochemistry (d. 2000); Vladimir Haensel, German-American chemical engineer, inventor of the catalytic reforming process that converts crude oil to gasoline, in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany (d. 2002); Jean Burden, American poet, editor of Yankee from 1955 to 2002, in Waukegan, Illinois (d. 2008); Andy Lennon, Canadian aeronautical engineer, designer of modern model aircraft such as the R/C Model Aircraft Design (d. 2007)
    Born: John H. Adams, American jockey, inductee to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1965, in Carlisle, Arkansas (d. 1995); Bert Bank, American soldier and politician, survivor of the Bataan Death March chronicled in his memoir Back From the Living Dead, in Montgomery, Alabama (d. 2009); William J. Porter, British-American diplomat, U.S. delegate member at the Paris Peace Accords to end the Vietnam War, in Stalybridge, England (d. 1988)
    Died: George Henry Morris, Irish military officer, first commanding officer to lead an Irish Guards battalion into battle, killed in action (b. 1872)

September 2, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Japan landed between 15,000 and 20,000 troops at Longkou, China, north of the German-control Chinese port of Tsingtao in preparation to lay siege on the port, even though it violated China's neutrality.
    The French village of Moronvilliers, 15 kilometers northeast from Rheims, was occupied by German troops. Because it was situated on what became the Western Front, the village was deserted and destroyed during the war.
    The British territorial mounted artillery brigades, the I Brigade and II Brigade, were established in Egypt from existing mounted brigades and artillery.
    The 1st Battalion of Western Ontario, 4th Battalion of Central Ontario, 3rd Battalion of Toronto, 16th Canadian Scottish Battalion, and 1st British Columbia Battalion were established for the Canadian Expeditionary Force and deployed to Europe on October 14. Both battalions played key roles in the Second Battle of Ypres, Battle of the Somme, Battle of Vimy Ridge, and Battle of Passchendaele. All battalions were disbanded in 1919, but the 4th Battalion reformed and merged with the present day The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry and the 15th Battalion became part of the The Canadian Scottish Regiment.
    Charles Masterman invited 25 "eminent literary men" to Wellington House in London to form a secret British War Propaganda Bureau. Those who attend include William Archer, Arnold Bennett, G. K. Chesterton, Arthur Conan Doyle, Ford Madox Hueffer, John Galsworthy, Thomas Hardy, Rudyard Kipling, John Masefield, Henry Newbolt, Gilbert Parker, G. M. Trevelyan and H. G. Wells.
    Born: Lord George-Brown, British politician, served as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 1960 to 1970, in London (d. 1985); Ron Barclay, New Zealand politician, Member of Parliament for New Plymouth from 1966 to 1975, in Little River, New Zealand (d. 2003); Fred Ruiz Castro, Filipino judge, 12th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from 1976 to 1979 (d. 1979)
    Born: William T. Dillard, American businessman, founder of the Dillard's department store chain, in Mineral Springs, Arkansas (d. 2002); Booker T. Laury, American blues musician, best known for his collaborations with Memphis Slim, in Memphis (d. 1995)
    Died: John M. Deane, American military officer, recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions at the battle of Fort Haskell during the American Civil War (b. 1840); John de Villiers, South African judge, first Chief Justice of South Africa from 1874 to 1914 (b. 1842)

September 3, 1914 (Thursday)

    Pope Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chiesa) succeeded Pope Pius X as the 258th pope.
    William, Prince of Albania left the country after just six months due to opposition to his rule.
    Battle of Rawa – The Russian 3rd Army under command of Pavel Plehve exploited a gap in the Austrian-Hungarian defense line when the Austria-Hungarian Fourth Army was ordered south to aid the Third Army, which had suffered heavy casualties.
    Sioux County, North Dakota was established by proclamation of Governor Louis B. Hanna and named after the Sioux Lakota that historically settled in the area.
    The Masonic Temple in Worcester, Massachusetts was completed and dedicated by Grand Master, Most Worshipful Melvin M. Johnson. The temple was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
    Born: Nick Gulas, American wrestling promoter, best known for his work with the NWA Mid-America under the National Wrestling Alliance, in Birmingham, Alabama (d. 1991); Jimmy Delaney, Scottish association football player, with a playing career that spanned 24 years, from 1933 with the Celtic F.C. and ending in 1957 with Elgin City F.C., in Cleland, North Lanarkshire, Scotland (d. 1989)
    Died: Albéric Magnard, French composer, known for symphonies and operas including Guercœur and Bérénice (b. 1865)

September 4, 1914 (Friday)

    Battle of Rawa – The Russian 3rd Army seized Lemberg in Galicia (now Poland) from Austria-Hungary.
    Battle of Grand Couronné — The German 6th Army attacked the regrouping French Second Army in northeastern France following the Battle of the Frontiers.
    Siege of Antwerp — Spurred by news that 40,000 British troops had landed in Belgium, German forces attacked captured fortresses and blew up bridges from the Scheldt towards Termonde north of the city.
    A coal mine collapsed in Adamson, Oklahoma, killing 14 miners.
    Captain Robert Bartlett of the Karluk met fur trader Olaf Swenson in Nome, Alaska who had chartered the schooner King and Winge for a seasonal trade run to Siberia. Bartlett requested Swensen have the ship stop by Wrangel Island in the Bering Sea and look for the stranded survivors of the Karluk shipwreck. Barlett's charter ship Bear left Nome a few days after King and Winge.
    Enlistee William Henry Strahan wrote the poem "The Bugle Call" before he left for military training at Blackboy Hill, Western Australia. Following his death during the first day of the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915, many newspapers published the verses.
    Died: Charles Péguy, French poet and essayist, author of "Portico of the Mystery of the Second Virtue", killed in action near Villeroy, Seine-et-Marne, France (b. 1873); William Ramsay, Australian manufacturer, maker of the Kiwi shoe polish, the most popular shoe polish brand (b. 1868)

September 5, 1914 (Saturday)

    The Australian Labor Party led by Andrew Fisher won the Federal election of 1914 winning 42 out of 75 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 31 out of 36 seats in the Australian Senate.
    Early general elections were held in Sweden for the second time that year.
    The First Battle of the Marne began when the French Sixth Army left Paris to the east and engaged cavalry patrols with the German 6th Army at the River Ourcq, in what was referred to as the Battle of the Ourcq.
    French general Noël de Castelnau was ordered to hold the French city of Nancy as long as possible while French troops on the Grand Couronné repulsed German attacks.
    British Royal Navy scout cruiser HMS Pathfinder was sunk by German submarine U-21 in the Firth of Forth (Scotland), with the loss of 261 sailors.It was the first ship ever to be sunk by a locomotive torpedo fired from a submarine.
    During the Siege of Tsingtao, the Imperial Japanese Navy carried out its first air combat mission. A three-seat Farman seaplane from the Wakamiya bombed German fortifications at Tsingtao, China, and conducted a reconnaissance of Kiaochow Bay.
    The German light cruiser SMS Emden, under command of Karl von Müller, was spotted in the Bay of Bengal.
    The cover of magazine London Opinion first carried the iconic drawing by Alfred Leete of Lord Kitchener with the recruiting slogan Your Country Needs You.
    The VRA Amsterdam cricket club was established after three separate crickets clubs merged, being Volharding, RAP and Amstel, thus retaining the title of oldest active cricket club in the Netherlands.
    Born: Isolina Ferré, Puerto Rican Roman Catholic nun, recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her humanitarian work, in Ponce, Puerto Rico (d. 2000); Nicanor Parra, Chilean poet, known for the collected works published as Poems and Anti-poems, in San Fabián de Alico, Chile (still alive as of 2014); Gerry Davey, Canadian-British hockey player, played right wing for the Great Britain men's national ice hockey team when it won the gold medal in the 1936 Winter Olympics, in Port Arthur, Ontario (d. 1977)
    Born: Stuart Freeborn, British make-up artist, best known for his alien make-up work in the original Star Wars trilogy, particularly Yoda, in Leytonstone, East London, England (d. 2013); Floyd Burdette, American college basketball coach, coached the Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball team from 1946 to 1952 and Tennessee–Martin Skyhawks men's basketball team from 1952 to 1971, in Martin, Tennessee (d. 1995)

September 6, 1914 (Sunday)

    First Battle of the Marne – Troops from the British Expeditionary Force and the French Fifth Army crossed the Grand Morin and Petit Morin rivers in France to engage German forces in the start to the Battle of the Two Morins.
    Battle of Drina – The Serbian Second Army repelled an initial offense by the Fifth Army of Austria-Hungary at the Drina River, but the stronger Sixth Army managed to surprise the Serbian Third Army and gained a foothold into Serbian territory.
    The Siege of Maubeuge in France ended when the fortress's defenders surrendered to German forces after several days of shelling.
    German colonial forces attack British troops defending Nsanakong in Kamerun, forcing them to retreat over the border into Nigeria with 100 casualties.
    The first air-sea battle in history occurred between Imperial Japanese Navy seaplanes and German and Austro-Hungarian ships in Kiaochow Bay during the Siege of Tsingtao.
    The Bohemian National Alliance was established in Chicago to advocate support of the independent state of Czechoslovakia from Austria-Hungary.
    The Indonesian Islamic organization Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya was established with the first Al-Irshad school in Batavia.[44]
    Died: Alfred Mayssonnié, French rugby player, played for the France national rugby union team from 1908 to 1910, killed at the First Battle of the Marne (b. 1884)

September 7, 1914 (Monday)

    Battle of Grand Couronné – German attacks drove French defenders back south of Verdun, which threatened to separate the Second and Third armies. General Noël Castelnau requested to retreat from Nancy again but ordered to hold the city for another 24 hours.
    General Joseph Gallieni gathered about 600 taxicabs at in central Paris to carry soldiers to the front fifty kilometers away. With each taxi carried five soldiers, four in the back and one next to the driver, the fleet was able to provide 6,000 reinforcements to the front at a crucial point in the Battle of the Marne. Most taxis returned to civilian service that day after some remained longer to carry back the wounded and refugees. The French treasury reimbursed all taxis with a total fare of 70,012 francs.
    First Battle of the Masurian Lakes – The Germand 8th Army under command of Paul von Hindenburg began attacking the Russian First Army under command of Paul von Rennenkampf in East Prussia.
    The German cruiser SMS Nürnberg destroyed a cable relay station on Fanning Island (now Tabuaeran) in the Pacific Ocean, in what became known as the Fanning Raid.
    The trading schooner King and Winge reached Wrangel Island in the Bering Sea and found 14 of the original 25 survivors of the Karluk shipwreck onshore to meet them. They were rapidly transferred to the ship and then sailed to Herald Island to search for another party that had ventured out there in February, but were forced to turn back because of ice. The ship rendezvoused with the Bear days later and the crew was reunited with Captain Robert Bartlett.
    Actor Dustin Farnum reprised his successful 1904 stage role of The Virginian, based upon the 1902 novel by Owen Wister, in the first screen adaptation of the western directed by Cecil B. DeMille.
    The Tombense Futebol Clube was established in Tombos, Brazil.
    The novel Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross by L. Frank Baum opens on September 7, 1914, where main characters Patsy Doyle abd Beth De Graf of the Aunt Jane's Nieces series and their uncle John Merrick read a newspaper account of the end of the Siege of Maubeuge and the German victory. The German victory concern the girls and motivates them to help out with the war effort.
    Born: James Van Allen, American physicist, detected the existence of the Van Allen radiation belt surrounding Earth, in Mount Pleasant, Iowa (d. 2006); Eugene S. Pulliam, American newspaper publisher, publisher of the Indianapolis Star and the Indianapolis News from 1975 until 1999 (d. 1999)
    Born: Jean Blackwell Hutson, American librarian and curator, chief of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, in Sommerfield, Florida (d. 1998); Joseph R. Holzapple, American air force officer, served as Commander in Chief of U.S. Air Forces in Europe from 1969 to 1971, in Peoria, Illinois (d. 1973)
    Died: William Erasmus Darwin, son of Charles Darwin, major subject in Darwin's studies on infant psychology (b. 1839); Peter O'Brien, Irish judge, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland from 1889 to 1913 (b. 1842)

September 8, 1914 (Tuesday)

    First Battle of the Marne – The French Fifth Army launched a surprise attack against the German 2nd Army, further widening the 50-kilometer gap between the 1st and 2nd armies. With the two German command posts now unable to communicate with each other, both commanding officers met and agreed 2nd Army was in danger of encirclement and should retreat immediately.
    Battle of Grand Couronné – The German offensive began to wane and French forces were able to start retaking lost ground.
    Pope Benedict XV held his first consistory in the Vatican.
    Major General Julian Byng was replaced by General J. Maxwell to command the Force in Egypt, whose primary objective was to protect the Suez Canal from the Central Powers.
    Private Thomas Highgate became the first British soldier to be executed for desertion during World War One.
    The British ocean liner RMS Oceanic ran aground on a reef at off the island of Foula of the Shetland Islands due to a navigational error. All passengers and crew were rescued but the ship was swallowed by the sea during a storm the following day. The wreck received little public exposure due to the controversy of crew incompetence surrounding the wreck.

    John D. Rockefeller and his wife Laura Spelman Rockefeller celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary at their home in Pocantico Hills, New York, two days before Laura's 75th birthday. It would be their last anniversary as Laura would pass away March 12, 1915.
    Born: Denys Lasdun, British architect, best known for the Royal National Theatre in London (d. 2001); Hillary Brooke, American actress, best known for her regular appearances on the The Abbott and Costello Show, in New York City (d. 1999); Odd Øyen, Norwegian resistance fighter during World War Two, chief organizer of arms to resistance partisan groups against occupying German forces from 1940 to 1945, in Oslo (d. 1997); Arch West, American businessman, credited for developing and marketing Doritos, in Indianapolis (d. 2011)
    Died: Hans Leybold, German expressionist poet, influenced the Dada movement and German expressionism (b. 1892); William T. Poague, American military officer, artillery officer for the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War (b. 1835); John Henniker Heaton, British politician, Member of Parliament for Canterbury from 1884 to 1914 (b. 1848)

September 9, 1914 (Wednesday)

    German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg laid out Germany's war aims in the Septemberprogramm, as drafted by his private secretary, Kurt Riezler. Assuming a quick and decisive victory over France, the plan proposed making vassal states of Belgium and France and seizing much land from Imperial Russia in Eastern Europe.
    Chief of the Imperial German General Staff Helmuth von Moltke suffered a nervous breakdown upon hearing German forces were retreating from the Marne. It was alleged later that he told Kaiser Wilhelm II "Your Majesty, we have lost the war!" although historians including Winston Churchill were uncertain that it had actually happened.
    Siege of Antwerp — Belgian troops attacked Germany's eastern flank, capturing key river crossings and the town of Aarschot east of the city.
    Battle of Bita Paka – Australian occupation of German New Guinea began with HMAS Melbourne capturing instead of destroying a wireless station on Nauru after it was found abandoned.
    The Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade was established, the first fully mechanized unit in the British Army.
    Hilaire Belloc was contracted to write regular articles on the War in the new British weekly Land and Water.
    The period drama Break, Break, Break was released, starring William Garwood and Louise Lester as mid-Victorian lovers, and directed by Harry A. Pollard.
    Born: John Passmore, Australian philosopher, author of Man's Responsibility for Nature, in Sydney (d. 2004); Marjorie Lee Brown, American mathematician, one of the first African-American women to receive a doctorate in mathematics (d. 1979)
    Born: Victor Tennekoon, Sri Lankan judge, 35th Chief Justice of Sri Lanka, in Central Province, Sri Lanka (d. 2007); Alexander Cordell, Welsh writer, author of the Mortymer Saga which included Rape of the Fair Country, The Hosts of Rebecca and Song of the Earth, in Colombo, Ceylon (d. 1997)
    Born: Seymour Heller, American talent agent, best known for being the agent for Liberace, in Cleveland (d. 2001); Charles Rycroft, British psychiatrist, leading practitioner of dream analysis, in Dummer, Hampshire, England (d. 1998)
    Died: Charles Fyshe Roberts, Australian naval officer and politician, Under-Secretary of Defence in New South Wales, Australia (b. 1837)

September 10, 1914 (Thursday)

    German forces retreated from Verdun to the Aisne River in northeastern France.
    Siege of Antwerp — Belgian cavalry reach the city of Leuven, Belgium.
    Rebel forces captured the city of Durrës, capital of Albania, a week after Prince William abdicated the throne.
    The 6th Bavarian Reserve Division was formed as a unit of the Royal Bavarian Army. Adolf Hitler was a member of the unit during World War One.
    The German light cruiser SMS Emden moved into the main shipping route between India and Ceylon began capturing or sinking half a dozen merchant ships. The Royal Navy began ordering ships in the Indian Ocean to hunt down the cruiser.
    Born: Robert Wise, American film director and producer, Oscar winner for Best Director and Best Picture for West Side Story and The Sound of Music, in Winchester, Indiana (d. 2005); Terence O'Neill, Irish politician, 4th Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, in London (d. 1990)
    Born: Raúl Adolfo Ringuelet, Argentine biologist, prolific researcher on insects and marine life in South America with over 100 published scientific papers, in La Plata, Argentina (d. 1982); Dmitry Lavrinenko, Soviet tank commander during World War Two, recipient of the title Hero of the Soviet Union for destroying 52 German tanks in two and a half months in 1941 and remained unbroken throughout the war (d. 1941, killed in action)
    Born: Ross Hutchinson, Australian association football player and politician, Member of the Parliament of Western Australia from 1950 to 1977, in Worsley, Western Australia (d. 1999); Ken Snakehips Johnson, British musician, pioneer of British Black music in the 1930s (d. 1941, killed during the The Blitz); Frederic Bartter, American medical researcher, key researcher in kidney diseases, in Manila (d. 1983)

September 11, 1914 (Friday)

    Austro-Hungarian forces were defeated at the Battle of Rawa, sustaining some 50,000 casualties and 70,000 men taken prisoner, while the victorious Russian force sustained 60,000 casualties. However, the Central Powers retook Rawa in June 21, 1915.
    First Battle of the Masurian Lakes – Reinforcements bolstered the German 8th Army, allowed them to push the Russian First Army back to a line running from Insterburg to Angerburg in East Prussia.
    Battle of Bita Paka – Australian troops from the cruiser HMAS Sydney landed at the port Rabaul in German New Guinea while the destroyer HMAS Warrego landed small parties to capture other small settlements with strategically place wireless stations.
    Born: Pavle, Patriarch of Serbia, 44th Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church, in Kućanci in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (d. 2009); By Saam, American sportscaster, the "voice of baseball" in Philadelphia, in Fort Worth, Texas (d. 2000)
    Died: Ismail Gasprinski, Crimean Tatar intellectual, one of the first Muslim intellectuals in the Russian Empire (b. 1851)

September 12, 1914 (Saturday)

    The First Battle of the Marne ended after the German armies retreated 90 kilometres (56 mi) to the River Aisne. French forces in pursuit captured 11,717 German soldiers, 30 artillery pieces and 100 machine-guns while British forces captured another 3,500 German soldiers. The defeat was so complete that many historians believed it forced the German Army to abandon its Schlieffen Plan.
    First Battle of the Masurian Lakes – German forces captured Gumbinnen (now Gusev) as Russian forces retreated.
    Born: Desmond Llewelyn, Welsh actor, best known for his role as Q in 17 of the James Bond films, in Newport, Wales (d. 1999, killed in an auto accident); Eddy Howard, American singer and bandleader, known for such hits as "To Each His Own", in Woodland, California (d. 1963); Janusz Żurakowski, Polish-Canadian fighter and test pilot, first test pilot of the Avro Arrow, in Ryzawka, Russian Empire (d. 2004); Johnny Long, American musician, band leader of the Johnny Long Orchestra, best known for his hit "In a Shanty in Old Shanty Town" in Newell, North Carolina (d. 1972)

September 13, 1914 (Sunday)

    Although the General Electoral League received the most votes in the Swedish general election,the Swedish Social Democratic Party emerged as the largest party, winning 87 of the 230 seats in the Second Chamber.
    First Battle of the Aisne – The British Expeditionary Force and French Fifth Army crossed the Aisne at night under the cover of fog to partially demolish bridges and capture key ridges for an offensive against German forces.
    French forces recaptured the villages Pont-à-Mousson and Lunéville without opposition to end the Battle of Grand Couronné in France. With the French armies closing up to the Seille river, the Battle of the Frontiers ended with the north-east segment of the Western Front stabilized until 1918.
    First Battle of the Masurian Lakes – The town of Stallupönen (now Nesterov) fell to German forces in East Prussia as Russian resistance deteriorated.
    Siege of Antwerp — Successful campaigns and German troops regrouping to bolster offensives in northern France allowed Belgian forces to return to Antwerp.
    The British sub HMS E9 sank the German aviso SMS Hela with all but two of her 178 crew captured.It was the first German ship sunk by a British submarine for World War One.
    Former British diplomat and Irish nationalist Roger Casement met with German diplomat Franz von Papen in Washington D.C. to seek Germany's support in an independent Ireland from Great Britain.
    The British 2nd Cavalry Division was established after merging the 5th Cavalry Brigade and 3rd Cavalry Brigade, along with members of the Royal Horse Artillery and Royal Engineers.
    The last survivors of the Karluk arrived in Nome, Alaska with most of the town out to greet them. In all 14 out of the 25 that survived the sinking in January were accounted for. Three men were confirmed dead during the wait on Wrangel Island in the Bering Sea, another four were believed to have perished on the ice after leaving the main party, and another four were unaccounted but believed to have been on Herald Island (although no one could get near it). It was not until an American expedition to the island in 1924 found human remains and equipment that confirmed the missing party had made it to land before perishing.
    Born: Ralph Rapson, American architect, head of architecture at the University of Minnesota, in Alma, Michigan (d. 2008); Henri Curiel, Egyptian-French political activist, leader of the Democratic Movement for National Liberation, in Cairo (d. 1978, assassinated)
    Born: Michael F. Kitt, Irish politician, Fianna Fáil leader who served as Teachta Dála from 1948 to 1974, in Mountbellew, Ireland (d. 1974); Max Rosenberg, American film producer, best known for Tales from the Crypt and The Birthday Party based on the Harold Pinter play, in New York City (d. 2004); Leonard Feather, British-American jazz pianist and music journalist, co-editor of Metronome magazine and jazz critic for the Los Angeles Times, in London (d. 1994)
    Died: Charles N. Felton, American politician, U.S. Senator from California from 1891 to 1893 (b. 1832); Robert Hope-Jones, English inventor, designed the first theatre organ (b. 1859); James Ben Ali Haggin, American businessman, co-owner of the mining company Hearst, Haggin, Tevis and Co. (b. 1822)

September 14, 1914 (Monday)

    First Battle of the Masurian Lakes – The Russian First Army of the Neman withdrew from East Prussia with over 100,000 casualties plus 45,000 prisoners, allowing the victorious German 8th Army near complete control of the territory.
    The German cruiser SMS Cap Trafalgar was sunk by the British cruiser RMS Carmania at Trindade and Martim Vaz, off the coast of Brazil, with a loss of up to 50 crew and another 279 captured.
    The Australian submarine HMAS AE1 lost with all 35 men while patrolling New Britain.

    Born: Clayton Moore, American actor, played The Lone Ranger on television from 1949 to 1957, in Chicago (d. 1999); G. P. Sippy, Indian film producer and director, served three times as President of the Film Federation of India (d. 2007); Mae Boren Axton, American songwriter, co-writer of the Elvis Presley hit "Heartbreak Hotel", in Bardwell, Texas (d. 1997); Pietro Germi, Italian film-maker, best known for international hits such as Divorce Italian Style, in Genoa (d. 1974)
    Died: Hippolyte Laroche, French naval officer and politician, abolished slavery while Resident General of Madagascar (b. 1848); Theodore Wright, British soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross, killed at Vailly, Aube, France (b. 1883); Sir Evelyn Bradford, British army officer, killed in action near Bucy-le-Long in Picardy, France while commanding 2nd Battalion (b. 1869)

September 15, 1914 (Tuesday)

    The first trenches of the Western Front were dug at the First Battle of the Aisne, as the conflict ended indecisively.
    U.S. President Woodrow Wilson formally ordered all American troops to leave the Mexican port of Veracruz after nearly five months of occupation in an effort to appease relations with Mexican provisional government leader Venustiano Carranza.
    Maritz Rebellion – Christiaan Beyers, Commandant-General of the Union Defence Force in South Africa, resigned from his commission in protest of the South African government's decision to provide military support to the British Commonwealth during World War One. Along with General Koos de la Rey, who served in the Boer War and was nominated to the Senate, Beyers traveled to an armory in Potchefstroom to meet with commanding officer Major Jan Kemp. Major Kemp and some 2,000 men under his command were supposedly sympathetic to Beyer's ideas. On the way to the meeting, De la Rey's car was fired upon by a policeman after it failed to stop at a road block set up to look for a fugitive criminal gang. De la Rey was hit and killed.
    A train crash near Lebanon, Missouri killed 27 passengers and injured 18 others.

    Born: Creighton Abrams, American military officer, commanded military operations in the Vietnam War from 1968 to 1972, in Springfield, Massachusetts (d. 1974); Adolfo Bioy Casares, Argentine writer, author of the novella The Invention of Morel, in Buenos Aires (d. 1999)); Subandrio, Indonesian politician, 10th Foreign Minister of Indonesia until removed from office following the failed 1965 coup after which he was imprisoned for 29 years, in Malang, Indonesia (d. 2004)
    Born: Jens Otto Krag, Danish politician, Prime Minister of Denmark from 1962 to 1968 and again from 1971 to 1972, in Randers, Denmark (d. 1978); Robert McCloskey, American children's author/illustrator, best known of Make Way for Ducklings, in Hamilton, Ohio (d. 2003); Orhan Kemal, Turkish writer, author of Baba Evi and Ekmek Kavgası, in Ceyhan, Turkey (d. 1970)
    Died: David Wolffsohn, Lithuanian-Jewish leader, second president of the Zionist Organization (b. 1856)

September 16, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Russian forces began the Siege of Przemyśl in East Prussia where a garrison of Austrian-Hungarian forces held out for 133 days before surrendering, the longest siege in World War One.
    The Canadian Aviation Corps was formed in an attempt for Canada to provide trained pilots for the Royal Air Force during World War One, but the organization dissolved by the spring of next year.
    Born: Allen Funt, American television producer, creator and host of Candid Camera, in New York City (d. 1999)
    Died: James Edward Sullivan, American sports official, one of the founders of the Amateur Athletic Union (b. 1862); C. X. Larrabee, American businessman, co-founder of the town of Fairhaven, Washington (b. 1843)

September 17, 1914 (Thursday)

    Essad Pasha Toptani of the Ottoman Empire and Nikola Pašić of Serbia sign a secret alliance known as the Treaty of Niš.
    Andrew Fisher became Prime Minister of Australia for the third time.
    The German 6th Army attempted to outflank French forces to the north in Belgium but met stiff-counter resistance, further entrenching the Western Front.
    Siege of Toma – German New Guinea governor Eduard Haber surrendered to Australian forces after determining there were few troops to defend the Pacific colony.
    The British battleship HMS Invincible sank during a storm in the English Channel off the coast of Isle of Portland, with a loss of 21 of her 64 crew.
    Born: Thomas J. Bata, Czech-Canadian businessman, CEO of Bata Shoes, in Prague (d. 2008)
    Died: Eugen Binder von Krieglstein, Austrian journalist, famous for his war correspondence for major late 19th-century and early 20th-century conflicts including the Spanish–American War, the Boxer Rebellion, and the Russo-Japanese War, killed in combat at Galicia (b. 1873)

September 18, 1914 (Friday)

    The Government of Ireland Act received Royal Assent (although George V has contemplated refusing it).However, the Act is postponed for the duration of World War One by the simultaneous Suspensory Act and in practice never came into effect in its original form.
    Born: Jack Cardiff, British cinematographer, director, and photographer, his work outlined in the 2010 documentary Cameraman: The Life and Work of Jack Cardiff, in Great Yarmouth, England (d. 2009); Harry Townes, American actor, best known for reoccurring roles in popular 1960s TV series including Bonanza, Gunsmoke and The Fugitive, in Huntsville, Alabama (d. 2001); Jean Dubuisson, French architect, designer of many modern post-World War Two buildings in France including the Shape Village in Saint-Germain-en-Laye and La Caravelle in Villeneuve-la-Garenne, in Lille, France (d. 2011)
    Died: Miriam Leslie, American publisher and author, wife of publisher Frank Leslie (b. 1836)

September 19, 1914 (Saturday)

    The German 9th Army was established in Breslau near the German-Polish border to command troops on the Eastern Front.
    The British 6th Cavalry Brigade, famous for its role at the Battle of Waterloo, was re-established with the 3rd Cavalry Division.
    The 17th Battalion of Nova Scotia Highlanders for the Canadian Expeditionary Force was established and deployed for Europe on September 29. The battalion became a reserve unit April 1915 and earned battle honors in 1917. The battalion was disbanded in 1917 and reestablished in 1954 in its present form as the The Nova Scotia Highlanders.
    Port Adelaide 13.15 (93) defeated North Adelaide 1.8 (14) for their second successive South Australian National Football League (SAFL) flag and eighth overall. They were the only SAFL football team to finish with a perfect season, overall winning thirty consecutive matches.
    Born: Ky Fan, Chinese-American mathematician, lead contributor to fixed point theory, professor of Mathematics at the University of California, Santa Barbara, in Hangzhou, China (d. 2010)

September 20, 1914 (Sunday)

    With support from Serbia and Italy, Ottoman general Essad Pasha Toptani organized an armed force of 10,000 men to invade Albania.
    The German cruiser SMS Königsberg sank the British cruiser HMS Pegasus at the Battle of Zanzibar, with a loss of 38 British sailors.
    In a speech at Woodenbridge, County Wicklow, John Redmond called on members of the Irish Volunteers to go "wherever the firing line extends". The majority did so, fighting in the 10th and 16th (Irish) Division alongside their volunteer counterparts from the 36th (Ulster) Division; the rump Irish Volunteers split off on 24 September.[108]
    Born: Ken Hechler, American politician, U.S. Representative for West Virginia from 1959 to 1977 and West Virginia Secretary of State from 1985 to 2001; in Roslyn, New York (still alive in 2015); Gerhard Homuth, German Luftwaffe fighter pilot during World War Two, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for the North Africa campaigns, in Kiel, Germany (d. 1943, missing in action); Francis Steinmetz, Dutch naval officer, escaped from the German POW camp Oflag IV-C at Colditz Castle during World War Two, in Batavia, Dutch East Indies (d. 2006)
    Born: Glen Robinson, American special effects artist, winner of six Academy Awards for films including Earthquake and Logan's Run (d. 2002); Kenneth More, English actor, known for roles such as Doctor in the House, in Gerrards Cross, England (d. 1982); A. S. Rao, Indian physicist, founder of Electronics Corporation of India Limited, in Mogallu, India (d. 2003)
    Died: Charles Allix Lavington Yate, British military officer, recipient of the Victoria Cross, escaped from a German POW camp and died while eluding capture (b. 1872)

September 21, 1914 (Monday)

    First Battle of Picardy – German forces marched from Rheims and engaged French forces the following day.
    All German armed forces in German New Guinea surrendered to the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force.
    German forces laid siege to Osowiec Fortress in the Russian Empire (now north-eastern Poland), using up to 60 artillery pieces to bombard the fort.
    Battle of Ukoko – The British ship Surprise bombarded the town German colonial port of Ukoko in the central African territory of Neukamerun (now Gabon) before French soldiers landed and took the town.
    Laurence Binyon's poem For the Fallen, containing his Ode of Remembrance, was published in The Times (London).
    Born: Bob Lido, American singer and violinist, regularly appeared on The Lawrence Welk Show, in Jersey City, New Jersey (d. 2000); Slam Stewart, American jazz bass player, best known for his work with Dizzy Gillespie, in Englewood, New Jersey (d. 1987); John Kluge, German-American TV mogul, owner of Metromedia from 1958 to 1986, in Chemnitz, Germany (d. 2010)
    Born: Bodo Sandberg, Dutch fighter pilot for the Royal Netherlands Air Force during World War Two, recipient of the Cross of Merit and Airman's Cross, in Rotterdam (d. 2005); Günther Krech, German U-boat commander during World War Two, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Wilhelmshaven, Germany (d. 2000)

September 22, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Action of 22 September 1914 – German submarine U-9 torpedoed three British Royal Navy armoured cruisers, HMS Aboukir, Cressy and Hogue, with the deaths of more than 1,400 men, in the North Sea.
    The German light cruiser SMS Emden bombarded Madras, the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers in World War One.
    In the first British air raid against Germany in history, Royal Naval Air Service BE.2 aircraft of No. 3 Squadron based at Antwerp, Belgium, attacked German airship hangars at Cologne and Düsseldorf, Germany, but failed to inflict damage due to bad weather and the failure of bombs to explode.

    Bombardment of Papeete – German armoured cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and Gneisenau entered the port of Papeete on the island of Tahiti and sank the French gunboat Zélée and freighter Walkure before bombarding the town's fortifications.
    French novelist Alain-Fournier (Lieutenant Henri-Alban Fournier), aged 27, was killed in action near Vaux-lès-Palameix (Meuse) a month after enlisting, leaving his second novel, Colombe Blanchet, unfinished. His body wasn't identified until 1991.
    T. S. Eliot met fellow American poet Ezra Pound for the first time at Pound's flat in London, starting a professional relationship that encouraged Eliot to focus on a serious career in poetry.
    The association football club Club Martín Ledesma was established in Capiatá, Paraguay.

    Born: Dick Heyward, Australian UN executive, deputy executive director for UNICEF from 1949 to 1981 (d. 2005); Siegfried Lowitz, German television actor, best known for the role Chief Inspector Erwin Köster in the German television drama The Old Fox, in Berlin (d. 1999); Maurice Limat, French science fiction author, most known for space operas and futuristic procedural series featuring detectives Robin Muscat and Chevalier Coqdor (d. 2002)

September 23, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Born: Bethsabée de Rothschild, English philanthropist and patron of dance, established the Batsheva Dance Company and the Bat-Dor Dance Company, in London (d. 1999); Omar Ali Saifuddien III, 28th Paramount Ruler and Sultan of Brunei, in Brunei Town, Brunei (d. 1986)
    Born: James Henry Deese, American space engineer, manager of NASA at the Kennedy Space Centre from 1960 to 1973, in Graceville, Florida (d. 2001); Annely Juda, born Anneliese Brauer, German-born art dealer, founder of the Annely Juda Fine Arts gallery in London, in Kassel, Germany (d. 2006); Sverre Midtskau, Norwegian resistance fighter during World War Two, worked with the Skylark groups to establish secret Allied radio communications in German occupied Norway (d. 1987)
    Died: Alexander Winterberger, German composer, best known for the Fantasy and Fugue themes specific to the organ for the Merseburg Cathedral in Germany (b. 1834)

September 24, 1914 (Thursday)

    German naval officer Wilhelm Souchon was commissioned into the Ottoman Navy with the rank of Vice-Admiral.
    The French Air Force squadron Escadrille 31 was established at the Dijon Air Base near Longvic, France.
    Born: Andrzej Panufnik, Polish-British musician and composer, reestablished the Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra after World War Two before defecting to Great Britain, in Warsaw (d. 1991); John Kerr, Australian politician, 18th Governor-General of Australia, in Sydney (d. 1991)
    Born: Esther Eng, Chinese-American filmmaker, first female director to direct Chinese-language films in the United States, in San Francisco (d. 1970) Nand Singh, Indian soldier during World War Two, recipient of the Victoria Cross, in Bathinda, India (d. 1947, killed in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947)
    Died: Samuel Swinfin Burdett, American politician, U.S. Representative from Missouri from 1869 to 1873 (b. 1836); Dimitrije T. Leko, Serbian architect, designer of Belgrade landmarks including the Belgrade Meteorological Station, Vučo House on Slavija Square, and the New Military Academy on Nemanjina Street (now the Belgrade City Museum) (b. 1863)

September 25, 1914 (Friday)

    The French Second Army fought the German 6th Army in the First Battle of Albert.
    Battle of Buggenhout — The Belgian launched a major offensive against German forces at Buggenhout between Antwerp and Brussels.
    The first attempt by the New Zealand Expeditionary Force to depart New Zealand for Europe was aborted due to concerns about the presence of German SMS Emden capturing or sinking merchant vessels in the Indian Ocean.
    Born: Elena Lucena, Argentine film actress, major movie star during the Golden Age of Argentine Cinema, in Buenos Aires (d. 2015); Robert Wright, American composer, best known for the Broadway musical Kismet, in Daytona Beach, Florida (d. 2005)
    Born: Helen Johns, American swimmer, gold medal winner at the 1932 Summer Olympics, in Sumter, South Carolina (d. 2014); John Manners, British cricketer and naval officer, played for the Hampshire County Cricket Club in the 1930s and 1940s while also serving the Royal Navy, in Exeter, England (still alive in 2014)
    Died: James Whitney, Canadian politician, 6th Premier of Ontario (b. 1843); Alfred Lichtenstein, German Expressionist writer, best known for the short story "The Winner", killed in action in France (b. 1889); Harry Ranken, Scottish army medic during World War One, recipient of the Victoria Cross, tended to the wounded at his own expense at Haute-Avesnes, France (b. 1883)

September 26, 1914 (Saturday)

    The German Southwest Africa army defeated forces from the Union of South Africa at the Battle of Sandfontein in what is now Namibia.

    Battle of Buggenhout — Belgian troops and cavalry engaged and attempted to cut off the retreat of the German Landwehr Brigade, but the brigade mananged to escape encirclement an rejoin the main body of forces the following day.

    The United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was established by the Federal Trade Commission Act.

    Carlton won the 18th VFL Premiership, defeating South Melbourne 6.9 (45) to 4.15 (39) in the 1914 VFL Grand Final.

    Born: Jack LaLanne, American fitness, exercise and nutritional expert, producer and host of the The Jack LaLanne Show from 1951 to 1985, in San Francisco (d. 2011); Achille Compagnoni, Italian mountaineer, scaled and reached the summit of K2 with Lino Lacedelli, the first climbers to do it, in Santa Caterina di Valfurva, Italy (d. 2009)
    Died: August Macke, German painter, one of the leading members of the German Expressionist group Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) (killed in action) (b. 1887)

September 27, 1914 (Sunday)

    Battle of Albert – German forces pushed back French reserve armies around the Somme River east of Albert, France.
    Battle of Buggenhout — A Belgian volunteer regiment clashed with German troops, but out-manned and outgunned retreated to Mol, Belgium where some volunteer recruits managed to frustrate German troops from taking its railway station (the rail was blown up later to slow the German advance).
    Russian forces regrouped and forced back German artillery away from Osowiec Fortress in Russian-held Polish territory, ending Germany's first attempt to take the fort.
    Komagata Maru incident – Passengers of the Japanese ship Komagata Maru arrived back in Calcutta after being forced to return from Canada. British authorities attempted to arrest Baba Gurdit Singh and 20 other men deemed as leaders for organizing the voyage. Singh resisted arrest, causing a general riot to break out. British officers opened fire and killed 19 passengers. Most of the survivors were arrested, but Singh escaped along with a few others and remained underground until 1920.
    The first Neutral Socialist Conference was held in Lugano, Switzerland by representatives of the Swiss Social Democratic Party and the Italian Socialist Party. Two more conferences for socialist parties n Europe would be held throughout World War One.
    Born: Bill Jackowski, American baseball umpire, officiated in the National League from 1952 to 1968, including three World Series and three All-Star Games, in North Walpole, New Hampshire (d. 1996); Catherine Marshall, American writer, wife of minister Peter Marshall and author of inspirational works such as Christy, in Johnson City, Tennessee (d. 1983)
    Died: Carlos María Herrera, Uruguayan portrait painter, best known for such portrait works such as Congreso de Abril de 1813 and Artigas en el Hervidero (b. 1875)

September 28, 1914 (Monday)

    The Germans began bombarding the fortresses protecting Antwerp.
    Battle of Albert – French forces halted the German advance around Arras in the Somme valley.
    The German cruiser SMS Cormoran was scuttled off the coast of Tsingtau, China to prevent capture by the British.
    The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, founded by L. Frank Baum, author of the bestselling fantasy novels set in the Land of Oz, released the first film adaptations of his books – The Patchwork Girl of Oz and The Magic Cloak of Oz. Unfortunately, neither movie was a success and subsequent films failed to translate Baum's success with the books into movies. The film company would fold within a year.
    The U.S. railroad Bevier and Southern Railroad (BVS) was established when the rail company Missouri and Louisiana Railroad divided the Missouri portion to become BVS until it was shut down in 1982.
    Born: Kyaw Hlaing, Burmese painter, landscape painter famous for his cloud-filled sky depictions, in Bogale, British Burma (d. 1996)
    Died: Richard Warren Sears, American businessman, founder of Sears, Roebuck and Company (b. 1863); Christian Fleetwood, American military non-commissioned officer, noted African-American to receive the Medal of Honor for actions at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm during the American Civil War (b. 1840)

September 29, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Battle of the Vistula River – The German 9th Army advanced on Vistula River where Russian forces regrouped following their defeat at the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes.
    Siege of Antwerp — German bombardments rendered several forts useless to defense, forcing the Belgian army to evacuate all wounded, non-combative men, prisoners of war, equipment and ammunition to Antwerp. Belgian Prime Minister Charles de Broqueville informed the British the Belgian field army of 65,000 men would withdraw to Ostend if the outer fortresses fell and leave a garrison of 80,000 troops to hold Antwerp for as long as possible.
    Battle of Albert – A German reserve division attacked and captured the French village of Fricourt but was prevented by a French barrage from advancing further. France counter-attacked the following day and almost recaptured Fricourt.
    The German cruiser SMS Emden moored at the Maldives in the Indian Ocean to restock its coal supplies using a captured merchant vessel.
    Arthur Machen's short story The Bowmen, origin of the legend of the Angels of Mons, is published in The Evening News (London).
    Born: Moni Guha, Indian politician, co-founder of the Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist) in 1975, in Madaripur, British India (d. 2009); Herschel L. Roman, Polish-American geneticist, advocated the use of yeast in genetic research, in Szumsk, Poland (d. 1989); D. J. Opperman, South African poet, leading poet in the Afrikaans language, in Dundee, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (d. 1985)
    Died: Thomas Fergus, New Zealand politician, Member of Parliament for Wakatipu from 1881 to 1893 (b. 1850); Jane Maria Atkinson, New Zealand community leader, first Pakeha woman to climb Mt Taranaki (b. 1824); John Kiggins, American soldier, recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions at Battle of Lookout Mountain during the American Civil War (b. 1837)

September 30, 1914 (Wednesday)

    French forces arrived at Arras in an attempt to outflank the advancing German armies in what was the start of the Battle of Arras.
    The Wakamiya was damaged by a naval mine and forced to retire from the Siege of Tsingtao, ending the first combat deployment of an aviation ship in history.
    The two Curtiss Model H prototypes, originally prepared for the Daily Mail sponsored transatlantic contest in August, were shipped to Great Britain aboard RMS Mauretania for the Royal Naval Air Service. This spawned a fleet of aircraft which saw extensive military service during World War One, where they were developed extensively for anti-submarine patrol and air-sea rescue.
    Frank Hanly, Governor of Indiana, established the Flying Squadron of America to promote the temperance movement.
    Born: Tom Eckersley, British graphic artist, known for design works for various organizations including Austin Reed, British Petroleum, and Guinness, in Lancashire, England (d. 1997); Baby Ray, American football player, played tackle for the Green Bay Packers from 1938 to 1948, in Davidson County, Tennessee (d. 1986)
    Died: Henry Littlejohn, Scottish surgeon, pioneer of modern forensics (b. 1826)

 October 1, 1914 (Thursday)

    The Battle of Arras began when General Louis de Maud'huy ordered troops with the French Tenth Army to attack German forces southeast of Arras and Lens in northern France, but vastly underestimated the strength of the German forces positioned there.
    Mexican revolutionary leader Venustiano Carranza called on all other revolutionary leaders to meet for convention in Mexico City in what was perceived as "the last attempt to create unity among the revolutionaries."
    Former Canadian Labour Minister and future Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, who had been a director for the Rockefeller Foundation since June, was assigned by the American business family to head an inquiry into the Colorado mine strike that resulted in violence and dozens of deaths earlier in 1914, particularly at Ludlow.
    The Edward VII Monument, designed by Louis-Philippe Hébert, was unveiled at Phillips Square in Montreal by Edward's brother Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, who was then the Governor General of Canada. Edward had visited Montreal in 1860, when he was the Prince of Wales, to open the Victoria Bridge.
    The one-mile oval Bowie Race Track was opened for horse racing outside of Bowie, Maryland by the Southern Maryland Agricultural Society.
    Born: Daniel J. Boorstin, American historian, 12th Librarian of Congress, in Atlanta (d. 2004); Dan Eley, British chemist, co-developer of the Eley–Rideal mechanism in surface chemistry (d. 2015)
    Died: Kitty Lange Kielland, Norwegian painter, best known for her landscapes of Jæren in southern Norway (b. 1843)

October 2, 1914 (Friday)

    Battle of Arras — French forces gave up Douai in northern France after the German reserve units staged a successful counterattack.
    William Hearst became Premier of Ontario, succeeding James Whitney who died suddenly on September 25.
    Violent fallout from the Komagata Maru incident continued in India when Sikh passengers of the Japanese vessel refused orders to board a train from Calcutta to Punjab and opened fire, killing one police officer and wounding several others. British troops opened fire and killed 16 Sikhs and arrested dozens more.
    Born: Jack Parsons, American rocket engineer, one of the founders of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Aerojet in California, in Los Angeles (d. 1952, killed in an explosion); Romeo Lamothe, Canadian politician, Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1961 to 1971, in St. Edouard, Alberta (d. 1991)
    Died: Joé Anduran, French rugby player, played for the France national rugby union team in 1910, killed at Bois-Bernard in the Pas-de-Calais, in northern France (b. 1882); John Hughes, Welsh association football player, one of the founding players of the Aberystwyth Town F.C. in Aberystwyth, Wales (b. 1855)

October 3, 1914 (Saturday)

    Some 25,000 to 33,000 Canadian troops departed for Europe, the largest force to ever cross the Atlantic Ocean at the time.
    Battle of Arras — The French line held against the German advance on Arras.
    German and Austro-Hungarian forces clashed in what is now southwestern Poland. Russian orders had been ordered to pull back but only the cavalry obeyed, leaving behind an infantry group that believed it could hold its position. They were destroyed the next day, with 7,000 Russian troops captured.
    Forces under command of Essad Pasha Toptani took Durrës, the capital of Albania, with no resistance.
    The Port Adelaide Football Club defeated the Carlton Football Club to be crowned Champions of Australia for a record fourth time and becoming the only League club in Australian football to go through its entire season undefeated.
    Born: Robert W. Levering, American politician, U.S. Representative for Ohio from 1959 to 1961, survivor of the Bataan Death March chronicled in his autobiography Horror Trek, in Fredericktown, Ohio (d. 1989); Neva Egan, American educator, wife to Alaska's first governor William A. Egan and First Lady of Alaska, in Wilson, Kansas (d. 2011)
    Born: Andreas Hinterstoisser, German mountain climber, died during an attempt to climb the north face of Eiger in Bernese Alps in 1936, in Bad Reichenhall, Germany (d. 1936); Lê Trọng Tấn, Vietnamese military officer, Chief of General Staff for the People's Army of Vietnam from 1975 to 1986, in Hoài Đức District, Vietnam (d. 1986); Vaclavs Borduško, Latvian-Canadian association football player, played for Latvia national team from 1934 to 1939, in Riga (d. 1999)

October 4, 1914 (Sunday)

    An earthquake measuring 7.0 on the surface wave magnitude scale shook Lake Burdur in southwestern Turkey, causing an estimated 4,000 deaths and destroying more than 17,000 homes.
    Battle of Arras — The French Tenth Army failed to hold back the German advance and lost Lens in northern France.
    The Manifesto of the Ninety-Three was proclaimed in Germany, in which 93 prominent German scientists, scholars and artists signed a document declaring their unequivocal support of German military actions in the early period of World War One. While the document galvanized public support in Germany, it was met with outrage by the international intellectual community, especially since it came after reports of atrocities committed by occupying German forces in Belgium in August.
    U.S. President Woodrow Wilson declared a national day of prayer throughout the United States for the end of World War One.
    The Baltic Exhibition closed in Malmö, Sweden, four days after its official closing date of September 30.
    Born: Jim Cairns, Australian politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Australia from 1974 to 1975, in Carlton, Victoria, Australia (d. 2003); David Say, British clergy, Bishop of Rochester in the Church of England from 1961 to 1988, in Wye, Kent, England (d. 2006); Marvin Ash, American jazz musician, best known for his recorded interpretations of classic ragtime tunes such as "Maple Leaf Rag", in Lamar, Colorado (d. 1974)

October 5, 1914 (Monday)

    Essad Pasha Toptani became the third Prime Minister of Albania.
    Winston Churchill visited government officials in Antwerp with the Royal Marine Brigade where he offered to resign from his position as First Lord of the Admiralty to take command of the newly formed Royal Navy Division and help with defending Belgium from the German invasion. Although the offer was supported by Field Marshal Herbert Kitchener, the British cabinet rejected it.
    Sergeant Joseph Frantz and Corporal Louis Quenault of the French Escadrille were the first aviators in history to shoot down another aircraft with gunfire, downing a German Aviatik B.II with machine gun fire from their Voisin III over Jonchery, Reims.
    A mine explosion killed 16 near Birmingham, Alabama.
    Ethel Barrymore made her screen debut in the drama The Nightingale, written by American playwright Augustus Thomas, who was a close friend to Ethel's father Maurice Barrymore. The films has long been considered lost.
    Born: Mirosław Vitali, Ukrainian-British physician, specialized in treatment and care of amputee patients during and after World War Two, recipient of the Order of the British Empire, in Uman, Ukraine (d. 1992)
    Died: Albert Solomon, Australian politician, 23rd Premier of Tasmania (b. 1876)

October 6, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr. married Rose Fitzgerald in Boston.
    Born: Thor Heyerdahl, Norwegian explorer, leader of the Kon-Tiki expedition, in Larvik, Norway (d. 2002); Mary Louise Smith, American political organizer, chairwoman of the Republican National Committee from 1974 to 1977, in Eddyville, Iowa (d. 1997)
    Died: Adrien Albert Marie de Mun, French political activist, recipient of the Order of St. Gregory the Great (b. 1841)

October 7, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Born: Begum Akhtar, Indian singer of Hindustani classical music, in Faizabad, India (d. 1974); Alfred Drake, American singer and actor, best known his Broadway lead roles in Oklahoma!, Kiss Me, Kate and Kismet, in New York City (d. 1992); Will Lang, Jr., American journalist, chief regional bureau director for Life magazine from 1965 to 1968, in Chicago (d. 1968)

October 8, 1914 (Thursday)

    In a raid planned by Royal Naval Air Service Wing Commander Charles Samson, two Sopwith Tabloids attacked the Zeppelin sheds at Düsseldorf and the Cologne railway station. Flight Lieutenant Reggie Marix was able to destroy a shed holding holding two Imperial German Army Zeppelin, the first time that an airplane destroyed a dirigible.
    The popular World War One patriot song "Keep the Home Fires Burning", composed by Ivor Novello with lyrics by Lena Guilbert Ford, was published with the original title "'Til the Boys Come Home" by Ascherberg, Hopwood and Crew Ltd. in London. The song was re-titled to its current name in 1915.
    Born: William A. Egan, American politician, first Governor of Alaska from 1959 to 1966 and 1970 to 1974, in Valdez, Alaska (d. 1984); Yvon Robert, Canadian wrestler, competed in various wrestling organizations from 1932 to 1959, including the National Wrestling Association, in Verdun, Quebec (d. 1971)
    Born: Henry C. Pearson, American abstract and modernist painter, often associated with the Op Art movement and the famous Responsive Eye exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in 1965, in Kinston, North Carolina (d. 2006); Louis Berry, American lawyer, first African American permitted to practice law in his hometown of Alexandria, Louisiana (d. 1998); Harlan Hagen, American politician, U.S. Representative of California from 1953 to 1967, in Lawton, North Dakota (d. 1990)
    Died: Adelaide Crapsey, American poet, known for her poetry collection Verses published posthumously (b. 1878)

October 9, 1914 (Friday)

    Siege of Antwerp — Finding no resistance from the defending fortresses around Antwerp, German commanding officer Hans Hartwig von Beseler ceased bombardment and called on Belgian General Victor Deguise to surrender. However, four civilian representatives, including the Mayor of Antwerp Jan De Vos, met with Beseler beforehand to request an end to the bombardment of the city and signed a capitulation. The document forced Deguise to accept the terms a day later and surrender along with 30,000 Allied troops. German troops occupied the city until the end of World War One.
    Battle of the Vistula River — German forces arrived at Vistula River but found little resistance on the river's west bank. General Nikolai Ruzsky, commander of the Russian Northwest Front, sent troops from Warsaw to attack the German's left flank, but the Germans knew of the army's strength from orders found on the body of a Russian officer. They knew three Russian armies would concentrate against the German Ninth Army to relieve pressure on the Austro-Hungarian line in the south.
    A German airplane appeared over Lille, France and dropped two bombs on the city's post office. By the afternoon, all men of fighting age were ordered to leave Lille immediately, while civilians in the surrounding towns and villages were evacuated.

    Born: Joseph L. Melnick, American medical scientist, lead breakthrough research in how polio was spread, in Boston (d. 2001)
    Died: John Tipton, American-Canadian politician, municipal alderman from 1908 to 1913 on both Strathcona, Alberta and Edmonton city councils, instrumental in the amalgamation of Edmonton and Strathcona into one city (b. 1849)

October 10, 1914 (Saturday)

    The Battle of La Bassée - British and French soldiers attempted to recover the northern French city of La Bassée from occupying German forces.
    The last train left Lille, France at dawn, an hour after German artillery began to fire on the station, the city's main government building and the famous Palais des Beaux Arts. The barrage continued for another two days.

    Mexican revolutionary leaders Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, Venustiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregon met at the Convention of Aguascalientes in Mexico to discuss future governance of the nation after the deposing Mexican president Victoriano Huerta in July.

    Carol I of Romania, the first King of Romania, died and was succeeded by his nephew Ferdinand I of Romania. Carol I opposed the country entering the World War One because of close relations with Germany, but Ferdinand was in favor and formally sided with the Allies in 1916.
    The German cruiser SMS Emden left Diego Garcia, a British-held atoll in the Indian Ocean after 10 days of rest and maintenance. Due to its isolation, the inhabitants were still not aware World War One had started and were unknowingly harbouring an enemy vessel, an oversight the German crew took full advantage of.
    The American schooner Alma A. E. Holmes collided with the steamer Belfast in thick fog off the coast of Marblehead, Massachusetts and sank, with all crew rescued.
    The East Fremantle Football Club defeated the South Fremantle Football Club 43-24 to win its ninth West Australian State Premiership.

    The Spanish opera Margot, composed by Joaquín Turina, debuted at the Teatro de la Zarzuela in Madrid.
    Born: Tommy Fine, American baseball player, pitcher for Boston Red Sox and St. Louis Browns, in Cleburne, Texas (d. 2005); Ivory Joe Hunter, R&B singer, songwriter and pianist, best known for the hit "Since I Met You Baby", in Kirbyville, Texas (d. 1974); Agostino Straulino, Italian sailing boat racer, gold medalist in the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki (d. 2004)
    Died: Gijsbert van Tienhoven, Dutch politician, 21st Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1841); Ivers Whitney Adams, American baseball executive, founder of the first professional team in Boston, the Boston Red Sockings (now the Atlanta Braves) (b. 1838)

October 11, 1914 (Sunday)

    Battle of Flirey — French forces abandoned attempts to retake the village of Saint-Mihiel in northeastern France from German forces, who were now too entrenched to be moved, thus ending the battle. The village would not be retaken until 1918.
    More than 100,000 visitors attended the final day of the Jubilee Exhibition in Oslo.

    Brown University celebrated its 150th anniversary as a post-secondary institution.
 Among the many official dignitaries that attended included:
        U.S. President William H. Taft
        Andrew Carnegie, steel industrialist and philanthropist
        John D. Rockefeller, Jr., executive of Standard Oil
        Herbert Putnam, librarian for the Library of Congress
        Howard Elliott,president of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad
        William Faunce, president of Brown University
        Nicholas Murray Butler, president of Columbia University
        Arthur Twining Hadley, president of Yale University
        Jacob Gould Schurman, president of Cornell University
        William De Witt Hyde, president of Bowdoin College
        John Grier Hibben, president of Princeton University
        Alexander Meiklejohn, president of Amherst College
        Mary Emma Woolley, president of Mount Holyoke College
        Benjamin Ide Wheeler, president of University of California
    Born: J. Edward Day, American lawyer and businessman, 55th United States Postmaster General who introduced the ZIP code system to United States Postal Service, in Jacksonville, Illinois (d. 1996); Elaine Lorillard, American arts philanthropist, founder of the Newport Jazz Festival in Rhode Island, in Tremont, Maine (d. 2007)

October 12, 1914 (Monday)

    Battle of Messines — French and British soldiers advanced on the German defense line in French portion of Flanders, capturing the town of Mont des Cats in the process.
    The German barrage on Lille, France ended with troops entering the city. In all, the barrage killed 80 civilians, destroyed the railway station, and set parts of the city on fire.
    Maritz Rebellion — The Union of South Africa declared martial law in response to a Boer uprising that included 12,000 rebel soldiers under command of general Manie Maritz, Christiaan de Wet and Christian Frederick Beyers.
    The trial for 17 of the conspirators in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria began in Sarajevo. Gavrilo Princip, the Serbian student who fired the fatal shots, admitted in court his motivation for assassination was purely political: "I am a Yugoslav nationalist and I believe in unification of all South Slavs in whatever form of state and that it be free of Austria ... By means of terror."
    The British captured one of the colliers the German cruiser SMS Emden relied on for coal supplies.
    Died: Poindexter Dunn, American politician, U.S. Representative for Arkansas from 1879 to 1889 (b. 1834); Margaret E. Knight, American inventor, first noted female American inventor with nearly a dozen patents to her name, in York, Maine (b. 1838); Alfred Marsh, British communist leader, editor of the Freedom newspaper(b. 1858)

October 13, 1914 (Tuesday)

    The Battle of Armentières began in northern France, with soldiers with the British Expeditionary Force advancing to find Germans dug in and well-defended.
    Battle of La Bassée — British forces nearly lost Givenchy in northeastern France when Germany troops attacked them during the rainstorm, with the British losing c. 1,000 casualties.
    The Imperial Japanese Navy attempted air-to-air combat for the first time, as a naval airplane joined three Imperial Japanese Army airplanes in an attempt to attack a German reconnaissance plane during the Siege of Tsingtao. However, the German aircraft escaped.
    The Boston Braves defeated the Philadelphia Athletics in all four games to win the 1914 World Series.
    The Algoma Central and Hudson Bay Railway, building northward from Sault Ste. Marie, opened its northernmost section between Oba and Hearst, Ontario.
    A 33-pound (15 kg) iron meteorite hit the ground near Appley Bridge, England.
    Born: Joseph Aloysius Durick, American clergy, Roman Catholic bishop of Tennessee and civil rights advocate, co-author of the 1963 civil rights letter "A Call for Unity", in Dayton, Tennessee (d. 1994)
    Died: Walter Withers, Australian landscape artist, member of the Heidelberg School of Australian impressionists (b. 1854)

October 14, 1914 (Wednesday)

    The Canadian Expeditionary Force arrived on 32 ocean liners in Plymouth Sound.
    Battle of La Bassée — British soldiers and French cavalry attacked German defenses on a canal leading to La Bassée but lost 967 casualties when action wrapped the following day.
    Battle of Armentières — German forces regrouped behind the river Lys in northeastern France and waited for the German 4th and 6th armies to organize in Belgium, giving the town of Bailleul back to the Allies.
    Battle of Messines — Allied troops and cavalry closed the last gaps in the offensive and put the German armies on the defense.
    Born: Raymond Davis Jr., American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research with neutrinos (d. 2006); Mickey Moore, Canadian-American film actor director, best known his child actor work in the 1920s and as a second unit director for the Indiana Jones film trilogy (d. 2013); Alexis Rannit, Estonian-American poet, known for his poetry collections in the Estonian language compiled as the Aleksis Rannit Papers in Kallaste, Estonia (d. 1985)
    Born: Harry Brecheen, American baseball player, pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals from 1943 to 1952, in Broken Bow, Oklahoma (d. 2004); Tom Dollery, British cricketer, played for the British national team from 1947 to 1950, in Reading, Berkshire, England (d. 1987)

October 15, 1914 (Thursday)

    The HMS Hawke was torpedoed by German submarine U-9 in the North Sea and sank in less than 10 minutes with the loss of 524 lives.
    The German cruiser SMS Emden captured a British steamer in the Indian Ocean and sank her the next day. Over the next five days, she captured five more vessels and used one of them as a collier.
    The U.S. Government enacted the Clayton Antitrust Act which sought to prevent anti-competitive practices in their incipiency.
    Singer Beniamino Gigli made his stage debut at Rovigo in the Amilcare Ponchielli opera La Gioconda.
    A. A. Milne's collection of short stories for Punch magazine were published in the anthology Once a Week.
    Born: Mohammed Zahir Shah, last King of Afghanistan, from 1933 to 1973, in Kabul (d. 2007); Lawrence H. Cooke, American judge, Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals from 1979 to 1984, in Monticello, New York (d. 2000); Harvey L. Price, American executive for Boy Scouts of America, 6th Chief Scout Executive, in Ossian, Indiana (d. 2005)
    Died: Anthony Traill, Irish academic, provost of Trinity College Dublin (b. 1838)

October 16, 1914 (Friday)

    Battle of the Yser — Belgian and French troops under Colonel Alphonse Jacques successfully defended the Belgian town of Diksmuide against the advancing German army despite heavy losses. Jacques' leadership during the day's battle became so respected he was later awarded the title "de Dixmude".
    Battle of La Bassée — British troops sustained another 1,000 casualties as they advanced to Aubers in northeastern France, but managed to recapture Givenchy from the Germans.
    Battle of Armentières — British forces secured the Lys river crossings while the German focused their attacks further north at Dixmude.
    Italian Foreign Minister Antonino Paternò Castello died and was succeeded by Sidney Sonnino, who continued to follow the negotiating strategy set by his predecessor which lead to the secret Treaty of London in 1915.
    The main body of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, which included 8,000 troops, finally departed from New Zealand for Australia where they joined up with the First Australian Imperial Force.
    Born: Leonard Litwin, American real estate developer, owner of Glenwood Management in New York City, one of the investors named in the Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities scheme (still alive as of 2015); Mircea David, Romanian association football player and manager, goalkeeper for CA Oradea and Venus București from 1933 to 1952, in Sinaia, Romania (d. 1993)

October 17, 1914 (Saturday)

    Battle of La Bassée — British forces captured Violaines and gained a foothold on Aubers Ridge while French cavalry captured Fromelles from the Germans in northeastern France.
    Battle of Armentières — French forces recaptured Armentières.
    Battle of Texel — The German Imperial Navy lost an entire torpedo squadron as it tried to lay mines in shipping lanes at the mouth of the Thames River, including 218 sailors killed and 30 taken prisoner.
    While searching for survivors during the aftermath of Battle of Texel, the German hospital ship Ophelia was seized, even though war conventions stipulated for navies never to do so. The Royal Navy justified the seizure as coded radio messages were monitored coming from the ship, the ship's wireless was destroyed, and the crew was observed throwing documents overboard. The ship was renamed SS Huntley.
    An Imperial German Navy torpedo boat sunk the Japanese cruiser Takachiho with the loss of 271 officers and sailors. With only three survivors of the disaster, it was the largest single loss for Japanese forces for all of World War One.
    The American passenger ship SS Northern Pacific was launched by William Cramp & Sons from Philadelphia and was to go into service by March 1915. She was acquired by the United States Shipping Board in 1917 for military service after the United States entered World War One.
    Born: Jerry Siegel, American comic book author, co-creator of Superman with Joe Shuster, in Cleveland (d. 1996)

October 18, 1914 (Sunday)

    Battle of the Yser — A German offensive overran Allied troops from the coastal town of Nieuwpoort, Belgium south to Arras in France.
    Battle of La Bassée — The German army received reinforcements and slowed the British advance.
    Battle of Armentières — French and British forces attacked German defenses in the Lys river valley. The Germans gave up part of a valley ridge but forced the remaining Allied troops to dig in.
    Battle of Messines — The Allied advance against Germany halted near Messines. The French cavalry, which had done most of the advancing against the Germans, sustained around c. 175 casualties.
    Battle of the Vistula River — Germany called on Austria-Hungary to provide reinforcements to hold a line German lines at Vistula River west of Warsaw, but Austria-Hungarian commanders did not want their troops mingling with the Germans and instead offered to cover the German line's right flank to free up extra German troops. Unfortunately, the Austrian-Hungarian troops came too late to deliver a needed counterattack against the three Russian armies attacking the lines, allowing Russian troops to cross the river.

    The British Royal Navy's Grand Fleet took shelter in Lough Swilly while Scapa Flow was secured against submarine attack.
    British sub HMS E3 was torpedoed and sunk by the German sub SM U-27 in the North Sea, with all 28 of its crew lost. It was first recorded incident in which a naval submarine sank another.
    Benito Mussolini, chief editor of the socialist newspaper Avanti!, declared in favour of intervention on the side of the Triple Entente, and was subsequently expelled from the Italian Socialist Party.
    The Clare sports club won their first All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship title, beating Laois 2-4 and 1-2 in the final at Croke Park in Dublin.
    The first mass was held in the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis after it was officially dedicated by the city of St. Louis.

    Born: Norman Chaney, American child actor, played "Chubby" in 19 Our Gang comedies from 1929 to 1931, in Cambridge, Maryland (d. 1936); Siegfried Müller, German Waffen-SS officer during World War Two, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in Krefeld, Germany (d. 1974)

October 19, 1914 (Monday)

    The First Battle of Ypres began as German, French and British forces advanced to encounter each other at the western Belgian town of Langemark.
    The Race to the Sea effectively ended with the start of the First Battle of Ypres, with the Western Front reaching the Belgian coast.

    Battle of La Bassée — British infantry and French cavalry captured Le Pilly (now Herlies) in northeastern France but were forced to retire by German artillery-fire.
    Portuguese forces intercepted a German military column crossing the border between Angola and German Southwest Africa illegally, resulting in a violent dispute at the town of Naulila that left three German officers dead.

    Born: Juanita Moore, American actress, best known for the Oscar-nominated role in Imitation of Life, in Greenwood, Mississippi (d. 2014)
    Died: Julio Argentino Roca, Argentine general and statesman, 14th President of Argentina (b. 1843); Robert Hugh Benson, British clergy, Anglican priest who converted to Roman Catholicism, author of apocalyptic novel Lord of the World which has been read by several Popes (b. 1871)

October 20, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Battle of La Bassée — Two fresh army divisions reinforced German defenses, forcing advancing British forces to dig in. That decision narrowly forestalled a German counter-offensive which was to commence that same day.
    Battle of Armentières — German cavalry was reorganized on the river Lys to pin down the forces in front of them while infantry attacked the flank and rear of the opposing forces at Ennetières, France.After initial setbacks, German troops broke through and captured the town as well as Prémesques further north. German artillery began to bombard Armentières and force many Allied troops to withdraw.
    First Battle of Edea — British and French colonial troops began their assault on German forces stationed at Edéa in Kamerun (now Cameroon).
    The British ocean liner HMS Princess Irene was launched by William Denny and Brothers in Dumbarton, Scotland for the Canadian Pacific Railway, but was recommissioned by the Royal Navy as a minelayer.
    Born: Fred Chaney, Sr., Australian politician, 8th Administrator of the Northern Territory, in Fremantle, Australia (d. 2001); Tulsi (Jain monk), Indian Jian monk, founder of the Anuvrata movement and the Jain Vishva Bharati University, in Ladnu, Rajasthan, India (d. 1997); James C. Floyd, British-Canadian aerospace engineer, chief design engineer for Avro Canada, in Manchester (still alive in 2015)

October 21, 1914 (Wednesday)

    First Battle of Ypres — Soldiers from the German 6th and 4th armies attacked Allied forces from the Belgium towns of Armentières, Messines and Langemarck.
    Battle of La Bassée — Germans troops attacked the Allied defensive line through a mist early morning, and managed to break a gap in line through the element of surprise. But as the mist lifted later, British reserves were able to organize a counterattack which retook most of the lost trenches. However, the British sustained some 1,079 casualties. A reserve trench line was dug to ensure Allied defenses would hold to future counterattacks by the Germans.
    Battle of Armentières — German forces gained then lost the trench system at Le Gheer, but were able to bombard and capture the village of Le Maisnil.
    Battle of the Yser — Germans forces were able to establish a small bridgehead on the west bank of the Yser River in Belgium, but were still not able to take Diksmuide.
    Komagata Maru incident — Immigration officer W.C. Hopkinson was shot dead in a Vancouver provincial courthouse by Mewa Singh, a member of the city's Sikh community, just before Hopkinson was to testify in a trial hearing. Singh shot the officer in retaliation for testimony he gave the day before at the trial of Ram Singh for the murder of Argun Singh (who was shot dead in front of his home on September 3) which resulted in the defendant's acquittal. Hopkinson's murder was the fifth in a bloody feud that erupted in Vancouver's Sikh community between supporters and detractors of the British Columbia government's decision in May to bar the Japanese vessel Komagata Maru carrying hundreds of British Indian citizens from docking at a Canadian port.
    Born: Martin Gardner, American mathematician and writer, creator of the popular Mathematical Games columns in Scientific American from 1956 to 1981, in Tulsa, Oklahoma (d. 2010)

October 22, 1914 (Thursday)

    First Battle of Ypres — German forces capture the Belgium town of Langemarck.
    Battle of La Bassée — German troops forced the British out of Violaines in northeastern France.
    Battle of Armentières — Germany resumed renewed attacks on the Allied line over the next three days but failed to make any significant breakthroughs.[90]
    The Brady Theater in Tulsa, Oklahoma opened to the public, and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
    Born: André Neher, French-Jewish scholar and philosopher, author of The Exile of the Word (L'Exil de la Parole), a theological mediation on the Holocaust, in Obernai, France (d. 1988)
    Died: Edward Francis Winslow, American railroad executive, executive for the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railroad, the New York, Ontario and Western Railway, the Manhattan Elevated Railway, and the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad (b. 1837); Konishiki Yasokichi I, Japanese sumo wrestler, 17th sumo wrestler to earn the yokozuna title (b. 1866)

October 23, 1914 (Friday)

    First Battle of Ypres — British and French forces managed to close gaps in the defense line and impede the German offensive in western Belgium.
    Trial hearings for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria wrapped in Sarajevo, with the court dismissing the defendants' claims that official Serbia was blameless. In a verdict that ran five days later: "The court regards it as proved by the evidence that both the Serbian intelligence and military circles in the Kingdom of Serbia in charge of the espionage service, collaborated in the outrage."
    Italian forces occupied the port city of Vlorë, or Avlona as they called it, in response to plans by Greece to occupy southern Albania following the dissolving of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus.
    The Northwestern Pacific Railroad was completed, connecting Humboldt County, California to the United States rail network.
    German noble Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick established the War Merit Cross that could be awarded for exemplary military service to any rank in the German Imperial Army. The last medal was award in 1918.
    Russian theatre actor and director Yevgeny Vakhtangov began teaching acting, drama and the theatrical arts and newly college of drama known as Mansurova School for the street where it was established. It was later renamed Vakhtangove School in 1917 after the professor and then its present name Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute in 1939 after its most famous student. The college is still active.
    Born: Dick Durrance, American skier, 17-time national champion and European competitor, in Tarpon Springs, Florida (d. 2004)
    Died: José Evaristo Uriburu, Argentine politician, 13th President of Argentina (b. 1831); Peter Christian Bønecke, Danish architect, best known for his collaborations with Carlsberg founder J. C. Jacobsen (b. 1841)

October 24, 1914 (Saturday)

    First Battle of Ypres — German attacked the Allies at Gheluvelt, Belgium.
    Battle of Armentières — Soldiers from the German 6th Army attempted to overrun French defenses on the main canal leading to the Lys River. French brigades held of the attack off for 48 hours until withdrawing with a loss of 585 casualties.
    Maritz Rebellion — Regular troops with the Union of South Africa defeated the main rebel Boer army under command of General Manie Maritz, forcing him to flee to Germany.
    Born: Lakshmi Sahgal, Indian politician, notable leader with the Indian National Army during World War Two, in Malabar District, British India (d. 2012)
    Died: Colin H. Campbell, Canadian politician, Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for Morris from 1899 to 1914 (b. 1859)

October 25, 1914 (Sunday)

    General elections were held in Switzerland, with the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland retaining its majority in the National Council.
    Erich von Falkenhayn replaced Helmuth von Moltke as German Chief of Staff.
    Ottoman War Minister Enver Pasha ordered Vice-Admiral Wilhelm Souchon to mobilize his ships in the Black Sea and attack the Russian fleet "if a suitable opportunity presented itself".
    First Battle of Ypres — German attacks pushed furthern attacks on the south flank of the Allied line and nearly punched through the following day, until Allied reserves stopped the gap and prevented a full rout.
    Battle of La Bassée — British, French and German infantry fought hand-to-hand as the Germans try to overrun the Allied trenches, but were eventually forced out by reinforcements. Many of the attacking German soldiers were killed or captured.[104]
    Italian rider Lauro Bordin won the 10th Giro di Lombardia bicycle race in Lombardy, Italy.
    Born: John Berryman, American poet, best known for his poetry collection The Dream Songs, in McAlester, Oklahoma (d. 1972); Maudie Prickett, American actress, best known for her character actor work including the 1960s sitcom Hazel, in Portland, Oregon (d. 1976); Heinz Hämel, German Waffen-SS officer during World War Two, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Vellmar, Germany (d. 1977)
    Died: Charles W. H. Douglas, British Army general, Chief of the General Staff in 1914 (b. 1850); William Leigh Williamson Eyre, British biologist, founding member of the British Mycological Society (b. 1841)

October 26, 1914 (Monday)

    Battle of La Bassée — The Germans launched probing attacks on the British and French defensive line around Neuve Chapelle but could not break through the line.
    First Battle of Edea — British and French colonial troops captured Edéa in Kamerun (now Cameroon) after the Germans fled.
    The Ottoman naval fleet under command of Vice-Admiral Wilhelm Souchon left port on a "reconnaissance exercise" in the Black Sea.
    The Norwegian schooner Endurance, carrying members of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition led by British explorer Ernest Shackleton, arrived at the British-governed South Georgia Islands in the south Atlantic Ocean. They would stay at the Grytviken whaling station for a month before commencing to the Ross Ice Shelf of the Antarctic.
    Captain Robert Bartlett and eight survivors of the Karluk arrived in Victoria, British Columbia on the Bear, the American cutter Bartlett originally recruited to rescue the shipwreck survivors in the Bering Sea.
    Born: Jackie Coogan, American actor, best known for the title role in Charlie Chaplin's The Kid and Uncle Fester in the 1960s TV sitcom The Addams Family, in Los Angeles (d. 1984); Gladys Widdiss, Wampanoag elder in New England, President of the Aquinnah Wampanoag of Gay Head from 1978 until 1987, in Aquinnah, Massachusetts (d. 2012)

October 27, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Battle of the Vistula River — The German Ninth Army and the Austria-Hungary First Army made a general retreat after failing to hold the western bank of the Vistula River. Austria-Hungary lost somewhere between 40,000 and 50,000 men while Germany lost just over 19,000.
    The Greek army occupied Northern Epirus with the approval of the Allies.
    The British super-dreadnought battleship HMS Audacious sank off Tory Island, northwest of Ireland, by a minefield laid by the armed German merchant-cruiser Berlin.
    An explosion and fire in a coal mine near Royalton, Illinois killed 61 miners.
    Born: Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet and author, most known for the poem "Do not go gentle into that good night", in Uplands, Swansea, Wales (d. 1953); Jan Kott, Polish-American theater academic on Shakespeare, author of Shakespeare, Our Contemporary, in Warsaw (d. 2001)

October 28, 1914 (Wednesday)

    First Battle of Ypres — Responding to costly failures of the German 4th and 6th armies to punch through the Allied line in western Belgium, German commanders ordered holding attacks while a new force was assembled to press an attack towards Ypres and Poperinghe.
    Battle of La Bassée — Allied forces attempted to recapture Neuve Chapelle, but disorganization inhibited any real advance. Forces included British, French, and Indian troops (many of them Sikh) leading to language difficulties in communicating orders, along with most soldiers exhausted by nearly 15 days of fighting. Some soldiers were reported falling asleep while firing. British Indian forces in particular sustained major casualties, with the 47th Sikh company losing 221 out of 289 men. Eventually, Allied troopes retired to their line to recover.
    Battle of Armentières — Despite being bombarded for two days by German artillery, defending French soldiers repulsed two waves of attacks and inflicted heavy enemy casualties.
    Battle of Penang — After successfully disguising itself as the British cruiser HMS Yarmouth, the German cruiser SMS Emden entered the Penang harbour in British Malaya and torpedoed the Russian protected cruiser Zhemchug, killing 88 sailors and wounding 121, out of a crew of 250.The French destroyer Mousquet set off in pursuit of Emden, but was quickly sunk by the German ship.
    The Ottoman naval fleet in the Black Sea split up into four combat wings and began targeting Russian ports.
    Sentencing began of participants in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo. The principle assassin, Gavrilo Princip, was relieved of a death sentence for being under the age 20 at the date of the assassination and was instead given 20 years imprisonment.
    Maritz Rebellion — The rebel Boer commando unit under General Christian Frederick Beyers was attacked and dispersed by the South African regular army, forcing Beyers to go on the run for a month before his death at Vaal River on December 8.
    Born: Jonas Salk, American medical researcher and virologist, developed the first successful polio vaccine, in New York City (d. 1995); Glenn Robert Davis, American politician, U.S. Representative of Wisconsin from 1947 to 1957, and 1965 to 1974, in Vernon, Wisconsin (d. 1988); Richard Laurence Millington Synge, English chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of chromatography (d. 1994)
    Born: Johnny Rigney, American baseball player, pitcher for the Chicago White Sox from 1937 to 1942 and 1946 to 1947, in Oak Park, Illinois (d. 1984); Dody Goodman, American actress, best known for playing the mother of title character in the TV comedy series Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman, in Columbus, Ohio (d. 2008)
    Died: Richard Heuberger, composer, best known for his operetta Der Opernball (b. 1850)

October 29, 1914 (Thursday)

    German warships SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau, now with the Ottoman Navy, participated in bombarding Russian ports Novorossiysk, Odessa and Sevastopol in the Black Sea.
    First Battle of Ypres — German forces captured a crucial crossroads point at Gheluvelt, Belgium and took 600 British prisoners. Further pushes by the German put their artillery within range of Ypres by 3 kilometres (1.9 mi).
    Battle of the Yser — In a desperate attempt to prevent the Germany army from overrunning the last major territory in Belgium, engineers opened the sluices that controlled the tides of the North Sea and flooded about 1-mile (1.6 km) of lowland from the seacoast to the town of Diksmuide in the south.
    Battle of Mołotków — Some 6,000 Polish Legion soldiers allied with the Central Powers clashed with 15,000 Russian troops near the village of Mołotków in Galicia (now part of the Ukraine). The battle ended in a Russian victory, with Polish losses at 200 dead, 300 wounded and 400 captures. Russian forces lost 100 men.
    The Australian government passed the War Precautions Act 1914, which gave the government special powers for the duration of World War One and for six months afterwards.

    The cornerstones for the Brooks County Courthouse in Falfurrias, Texas were laid. The courthouse was named after former Texas Ranger and judge James Brooks, who spearheaded the project. The court house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.

    Born: Manuel Flores Leon Guerrero, 6th Governor of Guam from 1963 to 1969, in Hagåtña, Guam (d. 1985)
    Died: Félix Bracquemond, painter and etcher, awarded grande medaille d'honneur at the Universal Exhibition of 1900 (b. 1833); James Anson Otho Brooke, British military officer, recipient of the Victoria Cross, killed in action (b. 1884)

October 30, 1914 (Friday)

    First Battle of Ypres — German forces attacked the left flank of the British Expeditionary Force at Gheluvelt, Belgium but were repulsed, while a motley command of French and British troops rallied to retake key villages British lost to the offense.
    Battle of the Yser — The Germans launched a large attack that punched through the Belgian Army's defensive and were able to reach Nieuwpoort and Pervijze in Belgium.
    Battle of La Bassée — German attacked during the nighttime and engaged British Indian troops sent to relieve Allied forces. Despite assurances of ten days of rest, many of the Allied troops were relocated to other positions in the front of northeastern France with an engineer corps remaining behind to build more fortifications.
    Battle of Messines — German forces launched a general assault on the Allied line, forcing them to withdraw from the town of Hollebeke on their north flank while retaining Messines on their south.
    Battle of Rufiji Delta — The German cruiser SMS Königsberg was blocked from leaving the mouth of Rufiji River in German East Africa (now Tanzania) by British warships HMS Chatham, HMS Dartmouth and Weymouth.
    The SS Rohilla, requisitioned as a military hospital ship, was lost by grounding in a storm on rocks off Whitby with the loss of 85 lives.
    Two days after the Battle of Penang, the German cruiser SMS Emden stopped a British steamer and transferred survivors it picked up after sinking the French destroyer Mousquet.

    Born: Anna Wing, English actress, best known for the role of Lou Beale in the BBC soap opera EastEnders, in London (d. 2013); Elmer Knutson, Canadian businessman and politician, founder of the Canadian western separatist organization Western Canada Federation, in Torquay, Saskatchewan (d. 2001); James Laughlin, American poet and publisher, founder of New Directions Publishing, in Pittsburgh (d. 1997)
    Born: George Stephen Ritchie, British naval officer and deep sea explorer, commanded the HMS Challenger when it recorded the depth of Challenger Deep with echo sounding equipment (the deepest point in the Earth's seabed), in Burnley, England (d. 2012); Pat Mackie, New Zealand union leader, chief leader in the 1964 Mount Isa Mines strike (d. 2009)
    Died: Charles Pelham, Lord Worsley, British noble, killed in action during the First Battle of Ypres (b. 1887)

October 31, 1914 (Saturday)

    The Battle of the Vistula River concluded in a Russian victory over German and Austro-Hungarian forces around Warsaw. However, the German army destroyed much of the rails and bridges to delay the Russian Army from advancing.Still, the victory boosted the morale of the Russian Army at a crucial time as it proved the armies of the Central Powers could be beaten.
    Battle of the Yser — Belgian and French counter-attacks stalled the German advance, allowing them to recover Nieuwpoort, Belgium. The German's canceled a final attack after learning the Allies has flooded the tributaries of the Yser River in their rear and withdrew later that night.[136] The price has been high for Belgium, with casualties estimated to be between 20,000 and 40,000 (French forces sustained 15,000). However, Germany's casualties were greater during the retreat, with estimates exceeding 76,000.
    First Battle of Ypres — The Germans broke through Allied line near Gheluvelt, Belgium but a critical counter-attack by a British regiment restored the line.
    Battle of Messines — The German army captured parts of the town of Messines.
    Battle of Armentières — France consolidated its defense forces north of the Lys River while the British Expeditionary Force was able to repulse German attacks on its trenches over a 48-hour period.
    Siege of Tsingtao — The Japanese Imperial Navy began shelling the German colonial port Tsingtao in China.
    Italian forces seized Sazan Island off the coast of Albania to further contain Greek military occupation in the country.
    British naval cruiser HMS Hermes was sunk by German sub SM U-27 in the Straits of Dover with the loss of 44 lives.
    German troops from German Southwest Africa raided and destroyed a Portuguese fort at Cuangar, Angola in retaliation for the deaths of German officers in Naulila earlier in October, killing 8 soldiers and one civilian in what was referred to as the "Cuangar Massacre".
    Government troops defeated a rebel army of 300 that attempted to take the port city of Esmeraldas, Ecuador, killing or wounding 100 men.
    The Nair Service Society was established in southern India as a caste-based organization that owned and managed a number of educational institutions and hospitals.


November 1, 1914 (Sunday)

    The Ottoman Empire officially entered World War One after Russia declared war on the Empire for bombarding its Black Sea ports.
    Battle of Coronel — The Royal Navy suffered its first defeat of World War One, after a British squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock met and was defeated by superior German forces led by Vice-Admiral Maximilian von Spee in the eastern Pacific. Cradock perished in the battle, along with 1,570 sailors, when both the HMS Good Hope and HMS Monmouth were sunk.

    The 38 ships carrying the New Zealand Expeditionary Force (10 ships) and the First Australian Imperial Force (28 ships) left Perth, Western Australia. Originally expected to sail to Great Britain, the orders were changed to have the Commonwealth forces land in Egypt to assist in protecting the Suez Canal from the Ottoman Empire.

    Battle of Messines — German forces captured Wytschate from the British and secured Messines in west Belgium, officially putting an end to the battle.
    Battle of Armentières — Fighting continued south of the Lys River in France while French cavalry were forced out of Messines, exposing the northern flank of the main French fighting force. A new reserve line was formed between the French towns of Fleurbaix and Nieppe, and artillery rations were doubled to help maintain the line from German attacks.
    Cuba held mid-term parliamentary elections to fill up half the seats in the House of Representatives and a single seat in the Senate. The National Party of Cuba won the most seats, with 22 of the 49 House seats and the single Senate seat.
    Pope Benedict XV delivered his encyclical letter Ad beatissimi Apostolorum at St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican during the Feast of All Saints. As the letter had been written near the start of World War One, it was labelled "the Suicide of Civilized Europe".
    The association football club Esporte Clube Taubaté was formed in Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil after three local football fans met and came up with the idea to bring a club to the city.
    American opera singer John McCormack recorded the popular British music hall song "It's a Long Way to Tipperary", written by Jack Judge. The song was a popular marching tune among British soldiers and the recording only further made the song synonymous with music associated with World War One.
    Born: Moshe Teitelbaum, Hassidic rabbi, world leader of the Satmar Hasidim from 1980 to 2006, in Újfehértó, Hungary (d. 2006); Hōdai Yamazaki, Japanese poet, active in the Showa period, in Kōfu, Japan (d. 1985); Mark Smerchanski, Canadian politician, member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1962 to 1966, and a member of the Canadian House of Commons from 1968 to 1972, in Malonton, Manitoba (d. 1989)

November 2, 1914 (Monday)

    Bergmann Offensive — Russian forces under the command of General Georgy Bergmann entered Ottoman Empire through the Caucuses to secure Eleşkirt, a strategic valley in northeastern Turkey, in what was the first major initiative in the Caucasus Campaign.
    Battle of Armentières — The battle officially ended although fighting continued north of the Lys River. German forces lost nearly twice as many men as the French, with 11,300 casualties compared to 5,700.
    Battle of La Bassée — Allied reserve battalions dug in at Bailleul, France while engineers built more field fortifications, officially ending the battle. The Allies sustained around 15,000 casualties, while best estimates from the German side were 6,000 (although accounts were incomplete).
    Battle of Tanga — Soldiers with the British Indian Expeditionary Force landed at the port city of Tanga, Tanzania.
    Siege of Tsingtao — With defeat looking more imminent, the Central Powers began scuttling naval ships in Chinese port, starting with the SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth of the Austro-Hungarian Navy.
    Born: Johnny Vander Meer, American baseball player, pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds from 1937 to 1943 and 1946 to 1949, in Prospect Park, New Jersey (d. 1997); Ray Walston, American actor, best known for his TV roles in My Favorite Martian and Picket Fences, in Laurel, Mississippi (d. 2001)
    Born: Jesse Flores, Mexican-American baseball player, pitcher for Philadelphia Athletics from 1943 to 1947, in Guadalajara, Mexico (d. 1991); Tom McBride, American baseball player, played outfielder for the Boston Red Sox from 1943 to 1947 and Washington Senators from 1947 to 1948, in Bonham, Texas (d. 2001)
    Died: Heinrich Burkhardt, German mathematician, developed the Burkhardt quartic and one of the examiners of Albert Einstein's thesis on relativity (b. 1861); Charles FitzClarence, Irish military officer, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1899 near Mafeking, South Africa, killed in action (b. 1865); Jack Sheridan, American baseball umpire, officiated for Major League Baseball from 1890 to 1914 (b. 1862)

November 3, 1914 (Tuesday)

    The United States general elections were held to elect members for the 64th United States Congress. The Democratic Party retained control of both houses of Congress, the first time since the Civil War. The United States House of Representatives had 230 seats go to the Democrats while the Republican Party gained 196 (with 6 going to independents). It was also the first time American voters could elect candidates to the U.S. Senate with the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, resulting in 51 seats for the Democrats and 44 seats for the Republicans.
    Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire.
    First Battle of Ypres — German forces lost an estimated 17,250 men after five days of fighting and were quickly becoming outnumbered as fresh troops from the British Expeditionary Force arrived for battle. The new pressure on the front line delayed the Germany Army's plans to attack using the west Belgium towns of Messines and Langemarck.
    Raid on Yarmouth — The Imperial German Navy attacked the British North Sea port of Great Yarmouth after sea patrols surprised a mine-laying operation at the mouth of the port. The German navy lost their battle cruiser SMS Yorck when it struck two of the mines their patrol laid down, killing somewhere between 235 and 336 sailors (reports varied). The British lost a submarine (HMS D5) when it struck a mine going out to meet the German fleet, killing 25 sailors.
    In retaliation for the Ottoman Empire letting the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben and the light cruiser SMS Breslau through Dardanelles in August and later using them to bombard Russian ports in late October, First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill ordered Royal Navy battlecruisers HMS Indomitable and HMS Indefatigable to bombard Turkish defenses around the straits, killing 86 Ottoman troops and displacing 10 guns.
    The German army command Armee-Abteilung Woyrsch was formed to serve the Eastern Front.
    Battle of Tanga — Most of the British Indian forces landed in Tanga harbour and began their march on the Tanzanian city the next day.
    Battle of Kilimanjaro — An Indian Expeditionary Force of 1,500 clashed with German colonial troops at the famous mountain in German East Africa. Despite having a force strength half the size of the British, the Germans were victorious. The British force lost 312 men while the Germans lost 109.
    Battle of Rufiji Delta — British ships bombarded the German cruiser SMS Königsberg and its sister ship SMS Somali as they sat barricaded in the mouth of Rufiji River in German East Africa (now Tanzania), but the thick jungles surrounding the river concealed the ship and prevented any accurate hits.
    The German East Asia Squadron of the German Imperial Navy entered Valparaiso harbour in Chile and were welcomed as heroes by the German population for their victory over the Royal Navy at the Battle of Coronel two days earlier. Admiral Maximilian von Spee refused to join in the celebration, knowing the victory only stacked the odds against his squadron for surviving another campaign against the Royal Navy. When presented with a bunch of flowers, Von Spee was said to have commented, "these will do nicely for my grave". His words were prophetic, as Von Spee and many of his squadron would die at the Battle of the Falkland Islands just over a month later.
    American fashion innovator Caresse Crosby received her patent to develop the "backless brassiere".
    Born: John T. Connor, American civil servant, served at United States Secretary of Commerce from 1965 to 1967, in Syracuse, New York (d. 2000); Hal Jackson, American radio disk jockey, first African-American inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame, in Charleston, South Carolina (d. 2012); Tidye Pickett, American athlete, first African-American woman to compete in the Olympic Games (1936 Summer Olympics), in Chicago (d. 1986)
    Born: Alcide Courcy, Canadian politician, Member of the Quebec National Assembly for Abitibi-Ouest from 1956 to 1970, in Saint-Onésime-d'Ixworth, Quebec (d. 2000); Edith Schaeffer, American evangelist, founder of L'Abri and wife to Francis Schaeffer, in Wenzhou, China (d. 2013)
    Died: Georg Trakl, Austrian poet, brother to pianist Grete Trakl, best known for the poem "Grodek", died from a cocaine overdose (b. 1887)

November 4, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Battle of Tanga — British Indian and German colonial soldiers clashed in the streets and jungles around Tanga, Tanzania. Despite a company of Gurkhas capturing key buildings in the city, the Germans were able to stop most of the advance. In one of the battle's more odd episodes, a large beehive was disturbed and a swarm attacked and broke up a major British infantry regiment while causing a defending force to scatter, leading to the nickname "Battle of the Bees". After several more hours of brutal street fighting, disorganization and mounting casualties forced the British to withdraw, despite outnumbering German defenders eight to one. British forces in all lost 360 men, had 487 wounded and 148 missing. German defenders lost 70 men and 76 wounded.
    The German cruiser SMS Karlsruhe sank near Barbados after an internal explosion tore the vessel in half, killing 133 of its 373 crew, including its captain Erich Köhler. The stern of the ship stayed afloat long enough for the 140 survivors to board a pair of colliers attending the ship. After the second one was scuttled, the remaining ship slipped through a Royal Navy blockade formed to hunt SMS Karlsruhe for sinking or capturing 15 British merchant ships and damaging the British cruiser HMS Bristol on August 6. As a result, Germany kept the sinking secret until British intelligence learned of the ship's fate in March 1915.
    The British battleship HMS Hood was scuttled in Portland Harbour in southern England to act as blockship for the port's southern entrance, but remained on ship sales list until 1917.
    Born: Duncan Macrae, Scottish rugby player, played for the Scotland national rugby union team from 1937 to 1939, in Balmacara, Scotland (d. 2007)

November 5, 1914 (Thursday)

    Britain and France declared war on the Ottoman Empire.
    Great Britain annexed Cyprus, which it controlled until 1960.
    A court martial against British Admiral Ernest Troubridge, who had commanded the British Mediterranean Fleet that pursued and failed to capture the German battleships SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau before they reached Turkey, was held on board the HMS Bulwark moored at the Isle of Portland. Troubridge faced charges of failing to engage the enemy, especially since the German ships helped strengthen the Empire's naval fleet and emboldened them to join the Central Powers in World War One.
    The Rural Municipality of Lawrence in the Canadian province of Manitoba was incorporated. It was amalgamated with the Rural Municipality of Ochre River to form the Rural Municipality of Lakeshore on January 1, 2015.
    Alpha Phi Delta was founded as a Greek social fraternity at Syracuse University, New York.
    The university student newspaper The Manitoban was first published at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, and remains one of the oldest and largest post-secondary newspapers in Canada. Noted contributors to the papers included Marshall McLuhan, Izzy Asper and Andrew Coyne.
    Born: Alton Tobey, American artist, best known for his magazine cover artwork for SPORT, Life and Time-Life, in Middletown, Connecticut (d. 2005); Karl Bissinger, American photographer, best known for his portraits of famous artists, writers and actors including Truman Capote, Marlon Brando, and Tennessee Williams, in Cincinnati (d. 2008); Jack McVea, American jazz musician, best known for his work with T-Bone Walker and Charlie Parker, in Los Angeles (d. 2000)
    Born: Salomon Gluck, Swiss-French physician and resistance fighter, member of the French resistance in Lyon, in Zürich (d. 1945, executed); Herbert Czaja, German politician, member of Bundestag (Parliament of West Germany from 1953 to 1990, and President of the Federation of Expellees from 1970 to 1994, in Cieszyn, Austria-Hungary (now Poland) (d. 1997); Thakin Lwin, Burmese union leader and politician, co-founder of the Burma Workers Party, in Tharrawaddy District, Burma (d. 1996)
    Died: August Weismann, German evolutionary biologist, developed the germ plasm theory (b. 1834); Henry Gannett, American geographer, considered one of the first to use the quadrangle in topographical mapping (b. 1846)
    Died: Walpole Vidal, British association football player, played in three FA Cup Finals and the first international football match between England and Scotland in 1870 (b. 1853); Edward Teshmaker Busk, British aircraft designer, developed the Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 airplane, died when his plane caught fire while flying over England (b. 1886)

November 6, 1914 (Friday)

    Eulalio Gutiérrez was declared President of Mexico during the Convention of Aguascalientes.
    Siege of Tsingtao — The Japanese softened German's defenses with a week of bombardment until German ammunition had run out. Japanese infantry then stormed the German trenches and forced them to surrender the following day.
    Bergmann Offensive — Russian forces made contact with Ottoman troops in the Caucasus region and fighting began over the next three days.
    Fao Landing — Divisions of the British Indian Army landed on Fao beach on the southern coast of Iraq while under heavy fire from the fortress. It was the only seaside fortress the Ottoman Empire had to threaten Allied shipping convoys in the Persian Gulf.
    Irish politician and army officer Arthur O'Neill was killed in action while commanding the 2nd Life Guards regiment at Zillebeke, Belgium. He was the first Member of Parliament to be killed in World War One.
    Irish aviation pioneer Francis Annesley disappeared after taking off with pilot Flight Lieutenant C.F. Beevor from an airfield at Eastchurch, England in a Bristol T.B.8 bound for France. He and Beevor were officially declared dead on December 2 after two German prisoners of war testified a plane matching the description of the missing aircraft had been shot down over Diksmuide, Belgium.
    American biologist Jacques Loeb published a paper on artificial parthenogenesis in sea urchins. His paper provided experimental evidence that it was possible to cause the eggs of sea urchins to begin embryonic development without sperm by slightly modifying the chemical composition of the water in which the eggs were kept.
    Born: Jonathan Harris, American actor, best known as Dr. Zachary Smith in 1960s science fiction TV series Lost in Space, in New York City (d. 2002); Leonard Miall, British TV broadcaster, chief broadcaster for BBC from 1939 to 1974, in London (d. 2005)

November 7, 1914 (Saturday)

    Siege of Tsingtao — The Japanese and British seized Jiaozhou Bay in China, the base of the German East Asia Squadron.
    The first issue of The New Republic was published in the United States.The first sentences of the opening article in the first issue simple stated: "The New Republic is frankly an experiment. It is an attempt to find national audience for a journal of interpretation and opinion."
    The film series The Hazards of Helen premiered, starring Helen Holmes as the resourceful heroine, who also did most of her own stunt work.
    Born: Geoffrey Blackburn, Australian Baptist minister, served the Baptist Union of Australia as Secretary from 1949 to 1971 and President General from 1971 to 1975, in Melbourne (d. 2014); Ted Fenton, British association football club manager for the West Ham United F.C. from 1950 to 1961, in Forest Gate, London, England (d. 1992)

November 8, 1914 (Sunday)

    Fao Landing — Soldiers with the British Indian Army captured the seaside fortress overlooking Fao beach in Iraq using the newly arrived British artillery to breach the walls. The capture of the fort, along with 300 prisoners, ensured the Ottoman Empire could not threaten Allied shipping in the Persian Gulf.
    The German light cruiser SMS Emden arrived at the Australian-held Cocos Islands in the Indian Ocean on a mission to disable a wireless and cable transmission station. However, the station was able to send out a distress signal before it was taken out, alerting the Australian command ship HMAS Melbourne which ordered the HMAS Sydney to investigate.
    Born: George Dantzig, American mathematician, developer of the simplex algorithm for computer sciences, in Portland, Oregon (d. 2005); Norman Lloyd, American actor and film director, producer of the TV series Alfred Hitchcock Presents, husband of Peggy Lloyd, in Jersey City, New Jersey (still alive in 2015)
    Born: Jackie Brown, Irish association football player, played for both of Ireland's national football teams in the 1930s, in Belfast (d. 1990); Juan Acevedo Pavez, Chilean politician, member of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile from 1953 to 1973, in Pichilemu, Chile (d. 2010)

November 9, 1914 (Monday)

    Battle of Cocos — Australian cruiser HMAS Sydney spotted and disabled the German cruiser SMS Emden, with 133 sailors out of the 345 crew killed. A German landing party of 50 sent to destroy the wireless station witnessed the battle from the shore and realized it did not have enough men to hold the island. Instead, it commandeered a schooner and set course for Padang in the neutral Dutch East Indies.[53]
    First Battle of Ypres — German armies attacked the French and Belgian forces between Langemarck and Dixmude and forced them back to the River Yser, where the Belgians blew up the crossings.
    British Admiral Ernest Troubridge was acquitted of the charge of failing to engage an enemy after the court-martial concluded the Admiralty of the Royal Navy was responsible for failing to communicate its orders to the admiral properly and delaying the Mediterranean Fleet's chances of intercepting a pair of German battleships from reaching Turkey.
    Born: Hedy Lamarr, Austrian actress, best known the controversial role in Ecstasy, and co-inventor (with George Antheil) of the frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) for radio communication, in Vienna (d. 2000);
    Born: Hwang Kee, Korean martial artist, founder of one of the five original Kwan schools for taekwondo in Korea, in the Gyeonggi Province, Korea (d. 2002); Condor Laucke, Australian politician, President of the Australian Senate from 1976 to 1981 (d. 1993); Alan Caillou, British writer, wrote thriller paperbacks and screenplays for TV series such as The Man From U.N.C.L.E. , in Surrey, England (d. 2006)
    Died: Sattar Khan, Iranian rebel leader, key leader of the Persian Constitutional Revolution from 1907 to 1910 (b. 1866); Princess Therese of Saxe-Altenburg, Swedish noble, Princess of Sweden and Norway and spouse of Prince August, Duke of Dalarna (b. 1836)
    Died: Arturo Colautti, Italian journalist and political activist, advocated for unifying Italian speaking region outside of Italy (b. 1851); Jean-Baptiste Faure, French opera singer, famous for his baritone roles in Opéra-Comique, Paris Opera and the Royal Opera House (b. 1830)

November 10, 1914 (Tuesday)

    First Battle of Ypres — German armies launched a new offensive in west Belgium from the forest Nonne Bosschen (Nun’s Copse) that ran from Langemarck to Dixmude in what historians referred to as the Battle of Nonne Bosschen.
    Battle of Rufiji Delta — The Royal Navy sank a blockship across one of the openings in the Rufiji Delta in German East Africa to reduce the number of escape routes the German cruiser SMS Königsberg could use to escape the blockade.
    Battle of Cocos — The Australian cruiser HMAS Sydney commenced rescue of the surviving sailors on the beached SMS Emden after learning the German landing party on the islands had escaped in a schooner.
    Born: Tod Andrews, American actor, best known for his role as American Civil War Confederate General John S. Mosby in the 1950s TV series The Gray Ghost, in Buffalo, New York (d. 1972); Barbara Washburn, American mountaineer, first woman to climb Mount McKinley (now Denali), Alaska, in Boston (d. 2014); Moshe Wolman, Polish-Israeli medical researcher, leading researcher of biochemistry and the first to diagnose the genetic disorder Wolman disease, in Warsaw (d. 2009)
    Died: Lydia Shackleton, Irish botanical artist, first artist-in-residence at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Dublin (b. 1828); Samuel Thomas Hauser, American politician, 7th Governor of the Montana Territory from 1885 to 1887 (b. 1833)
    Died: Heinie Reitz, American baseball player, played second baseman for the Baltimore Orioles, Washington Senators, and Pittsburgh Pirates from 1893 to 1899, killed in an auto accident (b. 1867); Daniel D. Whitney, American politician, Mayor of Brooklyn from 1886 to 1887 (b. 1819)

November 11, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Sultan Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire declared jihad on the Allies.
    First Battle of Ypres — The Germans launched a major offensive from Messines, Belgium and broke through the Allied line to advance on Zwarteleen, some 3,000 yards (2,700 m) east of Ypres, where they were checked by a British cavalry brigade. At the same time, the Germans captured a strategic rise classified as Hill 60, which became a major battle location the following year.
    Battle of Łódź — Russian forces were surprised and routed by a sneak German attack on the left bank of the Vistula River in Poland, resulting in 12,000 Russian troops being captured. The attack created a 50 km (31 mi) gap between the Russian First and Second Armies.
    Bergmann Offensive — Ottoman forces counter-attacked and hit the Russian flanks, forcing the invading army to retreat in the Caucasus region.
    Battle of Basra — Troops with the Ottoman Empire tried to ambush British troops marching on Basra (in what is now southern Iraq) while they camped en route. However, the camp's defenses were able to repel the attack.
    German submarine commander Walther Forstmann of the SM U-12 sank his first Allied ship, British minesweeper HMS Niger, off the coast of England. Most of the ship's crew survived the sinking.Frostmann would eventually be credited for sinking close to 150 ships throughout World War One.
    The Norwegian sports club Rakkestad IF was formed in Rakkestad, Norway. The club has sections in association football, team handball, floorball, volleyball, track and field, gymnastics, skiing and speed skating.
    An Australian propaganda film The Day, directed by Alfred Rolfe, was released to popular acclaim. The film depicted reenactments of reported German atrocities during the Rape of Belgium in August. The film is now considered lost.
    Born: Howard Fast, American novelist and television writer, known for novels such as Spartacus and mysteries under the pen name E.V. Cunningham, in New York City (d. 2003); Taslim Olawale Elias, Nigerian judge, Chief Justice of Nigeria from 1972 to 1975 and President of the International Court of Justice from 1982 to 1985, in Lagos (d. 1991); Frederick Dainton, British chemist and academic, leading researcher in radiation chemistry, in Sheffield, England (d. 1997)
    Born: James Gilbert Baker, American astronomer, designed optic lens systems for the U-2 spy plane and the Samos satellite program in the 1960s, in Louisville, Kentucky (d. 2005); Eugene Nida, American linguist, developed the dynamic and formal equivalence technique for biblical translations, in Oklahoma City (d. 2011); Leonard Osborn, British opera singer and actor, best known for this tenor roles in Savoy Operas with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, in London (d. 1994)
    Died: A. E. J. Collins, British cricketer and soldier, held the highest-ever recorded score in cricket of 628 in 1899 at the age of 13, killed in action at the First Battle of Ypres (b. 1885); Hiram Pitt Bennet, American politician, first territorial representative for Colorado in U.S. Congress from 1862 to 1865 (b. 1826)
    Died: Adolfo Holley, Chilean naval officer, noted officer during the War of the Pacific and the 1891 Chilean Civil War (b. 1833); Benajah Harvey Carroll, American pastor, author of Inspiration of Scripture which influenced the 1960s Southern Baptist Convention conservative resurgence (b. 1843)

November 12, 1914 (Thursday)

    First Battle of Ypres — German forces bombarded British defenses and broke through the line, but did not have enough support to advance. German casualties for the battle had now reached about 80,000 men and casualties for the British Expeditionary Force since arriving to France in August nearly reached 90,000 men. The Belgian army had been reduced by half and the French had lost 385,000 men.
    Bergmann Offensive - Russian reinforcements under command of the General Mikhail Przevalski arrived to halt the retreat of General Gregory Bergmann's forces in northeastern Turkey.
    The British ocean liner RMS Empress of Russia arrived at the Cocos Islands to pick up all non-wounded German sailors from the wrecked SMS Emden and transport them to Colombo, Ceylon.
    Died: Augusto dos Anjos, Brazilian poet and academic, considered the forerunner of Modernism in Brazil (b. 1884)

November 13, 1914 (Friday)

    First Battle of Ypres — Germany launched a surprise attack on French forces while British forces arrived to support the line. Meanwhile, the weather became much colder, with rain turning to snow within 48 hours. With night frost becoming starting within the week and snow covering the ground, troops on opposing sides were succumbing to frostbite and fatigue. Snipers would shoot troops nodding off in trenches half-full of freezing water while artillery bombed opposing trenches. In 12 days, the battle would end simply because troops on both sides were too exhausted to fight.
    Battle of El Herri — A French colonial garrison of 1,200 men under command of Lieutenant-Colonel René Laverdure attacked Berber tribesmen part of the Zaian Confederation at a small settlement near the city of Khenifra in central Morocco, in direct violation of orders by General Hubert Lyautey not to engage in any military action while negotiating peace terms with the Confederation. The attack proved disastrous, after the Berber tribesmen regrouped, attacked and surrounded the French garrison after it attempted to return to Khenifra. The garrison was annihilated, with 623 troops and officers killed (including Laverdure) and another 176 wounded. The Berbers lost only 182 men.
    The tradition American Southern folk song "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" was recorded by American opera singer Alma Gluck but written by African-American musician and songwriter James A. Bland in 1878. The song - released by the Victor Talking Machine Co. - proved to be a hit and became the first recording by a celebrity classical singer to sell over a million copies.
    Born: Alberto Lattuada, Italian film director, known for films such as La steppa and Stay as You Are, in Vaprio d'Adda, Italy (d. 2005); Henri Langlois, Turkish-French film preservationist, pioneer of film preservation and restoration, co-founder of the International Federation of Film Archives, in İzmir, Turkey (d. 1977)
    Born: Amelia Bence, Argentine actress, leading film actress during the Golden Age of Argentine Cinema of 1940 to 1960, in Buenos Aires (still alive in 2015); Veronica Burns, Irish academic, co-founder of the Irish Astronomical Society and geological curator for Trinity College, Dublin, in Calverstown, Ireland (d. 1998)
    Died: Thomas Zimmerman, American writer and translator, specialized in translating American literature into the Pennsylvania German language (b. 1838)

November 14, 1914 (Saturday)

    Religious leader Sheikh-ul-Islam declared a holy war on behalf of the Ottoman Empire against the Allies.
    Battle of Krzywopłoty — Forces aligned with the Polish Legions clashed with Russian forces at the village of Krzywopłoty in Galicia (now Poland). The Polish Legion were able to halt a local Russian offensive after two days of fighting. The Legion sustained over 170 casualties. The battle was commemorated at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Warsaw.
    The British light cruiser HMS Carysfort was launched at Tyneside, England, and would serve World War One and the subsequent Russian Civil War in the 1920s.
    Born: Ken Carson, American western singer, member of the Sons of the Pioneers, in Centrahoma, Oklahoma (d. 1994)
    Died: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, British military officer, last Commander-in-Chief of the Forces for Great Britain (b. 1832); Frank Leland, American baseball player and club owner, owner of the Chicago Union Giants in the Negro League (b. 1869); Ewald Flügel, German-American linguist, pioneer academic of Old and Middle English languages and one of the founding professors of English Studies at Stanford University (b. 1863)

November 15, 1914 (Sunday)

    First Battle of Ypres — The Allies reinforced and reorganized their lines in west Belgium as the first snowfall of winter began.

    Bergmann Offensive — Taking advantage of Russian forces concentrating on slowing their retreat in Turkey, Ottoman forces crossed the border and defeated a Russian column near Borchka, a city in the lower Choruh valley of the Caucuses. The defeat forced the Russians to evacuate the cities of Borchka, Artvin and Ardanuch.
    The HMAS Sydney arrived in Colombo, Ceylon with its convoy of prisoners from the SMS Emden. The ship's captain Karl von Müller and his commanding officers were imprisoned in England while the sailors were taken to prisoner-of-war camps in Australia where both remained until the end of World War One.
    Benito Mussolini founded the newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia ("The People of Italy") which advocated militarism and irredentism. The paper was subsidized by the French and industrialists on the pretext of influencing Italy to join the Allies and became the foundation for the Fascist movement in Italy after World War One.
    The Colonial Exhibition of Semarang in the Dutch East Indies officially closed.[81]
    The Hespanha Foot Ball Club was formed by an association of Spanish immigrants in Santos, São Paulo, Brazil, and was renamed the to its present title Jabaquara Atlético Clube in 1942.
    Born: Conyers Herring, American physicist, major developer of solid state physics including metals and semiconductors, in Scotia, New York (d. 2009); Edith Penrose, American-British economist, author of The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, in Los Angeles (d. 1996); Alessandro Frigerio, Colombian-Swiss association football player, played forward for the Switzerland national football team from 1932 to 1937, in Tumaco, Colombia (d. 1979); Dona Drake, American singer and actress, best known for comic roles in The Girl from Jones Beach and So This Is New York, in Miami (d. 1989)
    Born: Petar Drapšin, Serbian commando, commander of the armies of the Yugoslav Partisans resistance movement against the Nazis during World War Two, in Turija, Srbobran, Austria-Hungary (d. 1945); Erich Steidtmann, German SS officer during World War Two, involved in trying to suppress the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising during the Holocaust, in Weißenfels, Germany (d. 2010); Jack Towers, American radio engineer, oversaw radio broadcasting at the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1952 to 1974, in Bradley, South Dakota (d. 2010)

November 16, 1914 (Monday)

    Battle of Kolubara — Austro-Hungarian forces under command of Oskar Potiorek made a third attempt to invade Serbia by way of the Kolubara River. The battle between invading forces and the defending Serbian army commenced over the next five days in heavy rain and snowfall, with many soldiers on both sides succumbing to hypothermia and frostbite as they did to bullets.
    Siege of Tsingtao — Japanese and British forces formally took over the German colonial port of Tsingtao. Japanese casualties numbered 236 killed and 1,282 wounded; the British had 12 killed and 53 wounded, and the Germans had 199 dead and 504 wounded.
    First Battle of Ypres — Ferdinand Foch was promoted to command the French Ninth Army manning the French line in west Belgium and northeastern Fracne, which now ran some 430 miles (690 km) along the Western Front.
    Battle of Łódź — The Russian Fifth Army was ordered to Łódź to reinforce existing forces around the city from a suspected German offensive following a surprise assault five days earlier. In actuality, German commander Paul Hindenburg intended the attack as a ruse to focus most of Russia's strength in one area and create a weakened flank German forces could exploit.
    Russian forces under command of General Mikhail Przevalski crossed the Aras River in northeastern Turkey and launched a dawn attack on Ottoman forces to halt their advance.
    Battle of Basra — British forces defeated Ottoman troops defending Saihan, Iraq, south of Basra, with the Ottomans suffering 250 casualties.
    American banker Benjamin Strong, Jr. became Governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the first Federal Reserve Bank of the United States to officially open under the Federal Reserve Act.
    The Baltimore Museum of Art was founded at Johns Hopkins University.
    British writer M. P. Shiel was convicted and imprisoned for "indecently assaulting and carnally knowing" his 12-year-old stepdaughter on October 26 in London.
    Died: Shunrō Oshikawa, Japanese journalist and writer, considered the pioneer of genre fiction in Japan including detective and science fiction (b. 1876)

November 17, 1914 (Tuesday)

    First Battle of Ypres — General Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg, commander of the German 4th Army, ordered all attacks to cease to allow reserve units to move to the Eastern Front, which would take the Allies three days to discover.
    Bergmann Offensive — The Russian offensive petered out, with losses to the Russian Imperial Army numbering more than 7,000 killed and injured.
    The British government announced that income tax was to be doubled in order to finance the war-time budget.
    The German cruiser SMS Friedrich Carl struck two mines laid down by Russian Navy in the Baltic Sea. However, she was able to stay afloat for a few hours, allowing the crew to complete seaplane attack on the Russian port of Libau. The ship's 585-man crew then evacuated before it capsized.

November 18, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Battle of Kolubara — Austro-Hungarian forces began an assault on the Serbian town of Lazarevac, which would provide a strategic launching spot for a siege on Belgrade to the north.
    Battle of Łódź — Russian and German forces clashed near Łódź, Poland in bitter winter conditions, even though both armies were still outfitted in summer clothing. A damaged bridge forced German forces to locate an alternative crossing over the Vistula River, and mixed orders caused some units to halt while other advanced too far, spreading out forces thinly. With a large contingent of German troops in danger of being surrounded, Russia ordered trains to the front to anticipate capturing up to 20,000 prisoners (in actuality, there was only a German force of 11,0000).
    Battle of Cape Sarych — German battleship SMS Goeben, now the Yavuz for the Ottoman Navy, along with its sister ship SMS Breslau, now the Midilli, engaged with ships with the Russian Black Sea Fleet off the Crimean coast. The Yavuz exchanged fire with the Russian battleship Evstafi, with the Black Sea Fleet warship scoring a hit that killed 13 crew and wounding three more. However, Yavuz scored more devastating hits on Evstafi, killing 34 Russian crew and wounding another 24, forcing the ship and the rest of the fleet to retreat.
    German General Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein was appointed Chief of Staff to the Ottoman Fourth Army upon arrive to Constantinople and would lead the Raid on the Suez Canal in 1915.
    Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, Secretary of State for the German Imperial Navy, advocated massed Zeppelin attacks on London in a letter: "The English are now in terror of the Zeppelin, perhaps not without reason ... one could set fire to London in thirty places, then what in a small way is odious would retire before something fine and powerful."
    Karolina Kózka, a 16-year-old girl who fully committed to her Catholic faith, died while resisting an attempted rape by a Russian soldier near her village of Wał-Ruda, Poland. Kózka was stabbed several times by a bayonet and died from her wounds after escaping. Because of her strong religious faith and her violent death, her burial site became a religious shrine for many Polish Catholics who saw her as a martyr. In 1987, after much campaigning from Poland, Pope John Paul II beatified her as a "martyr of Christ".
    Born: Haguroyama Masaji, Japanese sumo wrestler, 36th Yokozuna in sumo wrestling, in Nakanokuchi, Niigata, Japan (d. 1969); Bettie Cilliers-Barnard, South African artist, best known for her abstract paintings and murals for South African Airways and State Theatre, South Africa, in Rustenburg, South Africa (d. 2010); Leonard De Paur, American composer and music director, noted African-American choral director for the U.S. Armed Forces and the De Paur Chorus that toured Africa in the 1960s, in Summit, New Jersey (d. 1998)

November 19, 1914 (Thursday)

    Battle of Kolubara — Austro-Hungarian forces gained a foothold in Serbia as the opposing armies fell back towards Belgrade.

    Battle of Basra — The British captured a mud fortress built by the Ottomans at Sahil, Iraq. Ottoman troops retreated, losing 1,000 men while the British lost 350.
    Born: Ernst Lerch, Austrian-German SS officer during World War Two, manager of Operation Reinhard during the Holocaust, in Klagenfurt, Austria (d. 1997); Dominic Brooklier, American mobster, headed the Los Angeles crime family in the mid-1970s (d. 1984); Dino Cellini, American mobster, ran casinos for mobster Meyer Lansky in Cuba during the 1950s, in Steubenville, Ohio (d. 1978)
    Died: Robert Jones Burdette, American Baptist minister and humorist, best known for his popular humor column in The Hawk Eye, published in Burlington, Iowa (b. 1844)

November 20, 1914 (Friday)

    The German Naval Corps was established to command the land-based forces of the Imperial German Navy operating in Flanders, which stretched from Belgium to northeastern France.

    The largest white-tailed deer ever harvested by a hunter in the United States was measured at 206 1/8 net typical points under the Boone and Crockett Club scoring system. James Jordan, a 22-year old hunter of Burnett County, Wisconsin, shot the buck using a .25-20 Winchester. It held the record of being the largest deer harvest until 1993 when a larger buck was taken by Milo Hansen in Saskatchewan.
    Born: José Revueltas, Mexican writer and activist, author of El apando (The Punishment Cell), in Canatlán Municipality, Mexico (d. 1976)
    Died: Vinnie Ream, American sculptor, famous for the statue of Abraham Lincoln at the United States Capitol rotunda (b. 1847); Dimitrije Tucović, Serbian philosopher and activist, founder of the Serbian Social Democratic Party, killed at the Battle of Kolubara (b. 1881)

November 21, 1914 (Saturday)

    Battle of Kolubara — Austro-Hungarian and Serbian forces clashed at Mount Maljen in Serbia, with the Serbians giving up the mountain after three days of intense fighting.
    Battle of Basra — The British learned the Ottoman forces had abandoned the city of Basra in Iraq and were able to take the city unopposed.
    Three Royal Naval Air Service Avro 504s based at Belfort, France, conducted the first long-range strategic bombing raid, attacking German airship sheds on the shore of Lake Constance at Friederichshafen, Germany.
    Harvard defeated Yale 36-0 in the first football game held at the new Yale Bowl in New Haven, Connecticut before an estimated crowd of 70,000 to 74,000 spectators.
    Born: Henri Laborit, French physician and researcher, leading researcher in neurology and evolutionary psychology, in Hanoi, French Indochina (d. 1995); Nusret Fişek, Turkish physician, lead researcher on the development of the tetanus vaccine, in Sivas, Turkey (d. 1990); Donald Greene, Canadian academic, leading literary critic on 18th-century English literature including Samuel Johnson, in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan (d. 1997)
    Died: Thaddeus C. Pound, American businessman and politician, U.S. Representative of Wisconsin from 1877 to 1883 (b. 1833)

November 22, 1914 (Sunday)

    First Battle of Ypres — The battle wound down as neither side planned new attacks to allow soldiers to rest and prepare for winter. The Allies suffered major casualties, with the French sustaining somewhere 50,000 to 80,000 casualties, followed by the British with over 58,000, and Belgium with over 21,000. The Germans sustained a minimum 46,000 casualties and may have gone as high as over 100,000.
    British minelayer SS Frederica struck a mine in the Black Sea and sank with all crew evacuated.
    The União Agrícola Barbarense Futebol Clube association football club was formed in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, São Paulo, Brazil. Initially an amateur club, it began to compete in the professional league Campeonato Paulista starting in 1964.
    Born: Maynard Jack Ramsay, American entomologist, lead researcher in tracking and eradicating parasites carried in from overseas, in Buffalo, New York (d. 2005)

November 23, 1914 (Monday)

    Defence of Festubert — A German infantry regiment captured 800 yards (730 m) of trench east of Festubert, France from British Indian Corps. However, Sikh and Indian troops counter-attacked at night and recovered the trenches.
    The U.S. Marines withdrew from Veracruz, Mexico after occupying the town since April, allowing soldiers under the command of Venustiano Carranza to move in to set up the leader's main headquarters.
    British guard boat Dorothy Gray spotted a submarine periscope belonging to German submarine SM U-18 off the coast of Scotland and managed it to ram it twice. Severely damaged, the sub was forced to surface and most of the crew were captured before the vessel sank.
    Born: Emmett Ashford, American baseball umpire, first African-American umpire in Major League Baseball, in Los Angeles (d. 1980); Donald Nixon, American businessman, brother to U.S. President Richard Nixon (d. 1987); C. Clyde Atkins, American judge, served on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida from 1966 to 1982, in Washington, D.C. (d. 1999)
    Born: Roger Avon, British actor, best known for support roles in the Doctor Who TV series, in Jarrow, England (d. 1998); George Dunn, American actor and live performer, best known for his Western character roles including Operation Petticoat, in Brownwood, Texas (d. 1982)
    Died: Hermann Hammesfahr, German-American investor specializing in fiber optics and fiberglass, invented flexible glass fiber often used in medical bandaging (b. 1845)

November 24, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Expecting Serbian resistance to crumble within days, Austro-Hungarian Army commanding officer Oskar Potiorek appointed General Stjepan Sarkotić to become Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina while he assumed command of occupying forces in Serbia.
    Benito Mussolini was expelled from the Italian Socialist Party.
    Born: Bessie Blount Griffin, American inventor and forensic scientist, invented the electronic feeding device for quadriplegics and persons with amputations, in Hickory, Virginia (d. 2009); Mark Saxton, American writer and editor, author of the Islandian trilogy, in Mineola, New York (d. 1988); David Moore Crook, Royal Air Force pilot during World War Two, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, in Huddersfield, England (d. 1944, missing in action)
    Died: Sidney Randolph DeLong, American politician, first mayor of Tucson, Arizona (b. 1828); Léon Vaillant, French zoologist, specialized in research and classification of turtles and crocodiles (b. 1834)

November 25, 1914 (Wednesday)

    A German patrol boat spotted and rammed British submarine HMS D2 off the coast of Germany, killing all 25 crew.
    Born: Joe DiMaggio, American baseball player, center fielder for the New York Yankees from 1936 to 1942 and 1946 to 1951, best known for his unbroken 56-game hitting streak in 1941, second husband to Marilyn Monroe, in Martinez, California (d. 1999)
    Died: Robert Burns Beath, American military officer, 12th Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic (b. 1839); Davorin Jenko, Serbian composer, composed the official Serbian national anthem Bože pravde (b. 1835)

November 26, 1914 (Thursday)

    British battleship HMS Bulwark was blown apart by an internal explosion at her moorings on the Medway off Kingsnorth, Kent, England, killing 738 of her 750 crew.
    Battle of Łódź — A surrounded German force of 11,000 broke out of its pocket by exploiting confused Russian movements, allowing them to capture up 12,000 prisoners and 64 guns.
    Battle of Kolubara — Austro-Hungarian forces attempted to cross a critical juncture in Serbia where the river Kolubara met with the Sava River, but were beaten back by stiff Serbian resistance and forced out of the area the following day.
    Austrian biologist Karl von Frisch published his first significant paper on honey bee behavior, including "dancing" as a form of communication.
    The Prussian Officer and Other Stories by D. H. Lawrence was published by Duckworth in London. The collection included the short story "Odour of Chrysanthemums" which was first published in the July 1911 issue of The English Review.
    Born: Birgit Ridderstedt, Swedish-American folk singer, best known for promoting Swedish music and culture through television and folk music festivals in the 1950s and 1960s, in Ludvika, Sweden (d. 1985); Charles Knott, British cricketer, batman for the Hampshire County Cricket Club from 1938 to 1954, in Southampton, England (d. 2003)

November 27, 1914 (Friday)

    A magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck Lefkada, Greece, killing 14 people were killed and damaging or destroying many homes on the island.
    Battle of Kolubara — Despite sustaining severe casualties, the Austro-Hungarian Army resumed attacks on the Serbian army and stretched defenses thin south of Belgrade.
    A schooner carrying 50 German navy men from the landing party of the destroyed SMS Emden were allowed entry in the port of Padang of the Dutch East Indies, but under strict terms so the Netherlands could maintain their stance of neutrality during World War One.

    Born: Edward G. Begle, American mathematician, director of School Mathematics Study Group which developed New Math for the American public school system in the 1960s, in Saginaw, Michigan (d. 1978)

November 28, 1914 (Saturday)

    The New York Stock Exchange re-opened for bond trading after closing in August due to the onset of World War One.
    The German landing party that commandeered a schooner after SMS Emden was disabled at the Battle of Cocos left Padang port in the Dutch East Indies rather than risk having the schooner confiscated by authorities. The commanding officer left a message with German merchant fleet in the area to meet them at a rendezvous point away from Dutch territorial waters.
    The annual United States Army-Navy football game was played at Franklin Field in Philadelphia, with the Army beating the Navy 20-0.
    Born: Mud Bruneteau, Canadian hockey player, played forward for the Detroit Red Wings from 1934 to 1948, in Saint Boniface, Manitoba (now part of Winnipeg) (d. 1992); Vincent Fago, American comic book artist, best known for his work on Timely Comics which included Mighty Mouse and Terrytoons Comics, in New York City (d. 2002)
    Born: Cecil Brower, American violinist, best known for his TV performances on Ozark Jubilee, Five Star Jubilee and The Jimmy Dean Show, in Bellevue, Texas (d. 1965); Hans Reiche, German-Canadian engineer and philately (stamp) expert, celebrated international stamp expert specializing in Canadian stamps, in Berlin (d. 2000)

November 29, 1914 (Sunday)

    Battle of Łódź — Fearing a repeat of the disaster at Tannenberg in August, Russia ordered its armies to withdraw to defensive positions around Warsaw, leaving Łódź unprotected.
    Battle of Kolubara — Despite the Serbian army inflicting heavy casualties on the invading Austro-Hungarian Army, officials in Belgrade felt defenses would not hold against renewed attacks and ordered the city to be evacuated.
    Italy, although officially neutral, occupied the port of Vlorë in Albania under the pretext of protecting Albanian territories from a Greek invasion.
    The Kerry senior football club defeated Wexford to win their All-Ireland Senior Football Championship title at Croke Park, Dublin.
    Born: Coleridge Goode, Jamaican-British jazz bassist, best known for his collaborations with jazz saxophonist Joe Harriott, in Kingston (d. 2015); Taisen Deshimaru, Japanese Zen Buddhist teacher, founder of the Association Zen Internationale, in Kyushu, Japan (d. 1982)

November 30, 1914 (Monday)

    Born: Charles Hawtrey, British actor, best known for supporting roles in the Carry On film series, in Hounslow, England (d. 1988)
    Died: John Shand, Scottish-New Zealand academic, one of the founding professors of the University of Otago (b. 1834)


December 1, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Battle of Kolubara — Austro-Hungarian forces occupied Belgrade while the Serbian army withdrew to Niš.
    Battle of Limanowa — The Austro-Hungarian Army attempted to halt further Russian advances into Galicia and prevent the capture of Kraków, resulting in fierce fighting around towns of Limanowa and Łapanów
    Armenian militia in Zeitun, Turkey defeated Ottoman forces after three months of fighting, despite the loss of 60 men. Their actions delayed the Ottoman Empire's plans to uproot the entire Armenian population until March 1915.
    Born: Russell Rowe, Canadian politician, Member of Provincial Parliament of Ontario from 1963 to 1981 and Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1974 to 1977, in Campbellford, Ontario (d. 1994); K. B. Andersen, Danish politician, served as Education Minister of Denmark from 1964 to 1968 and Foreign Minister of Denmark from 1971 to 1973 and 1975 to 1978 (d. 1984)
    Died: Alfred Thayer Mahan, United States Navy officer, introduced the concept of sea power in The Influence of Sea Power upon History which influenced many naval strategies in the 20th-century (b. 1840)

December 2, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Serbian Campaign — In recognition of the occupation of Belgrade happening on the 66th anniversary of the ascension of Franz Joseph to the Austrian throne, army commander Oskar Potiorek informed the emperor that he was "laying town and fortress Belgrade at His Majesty's feet".
    Battle of Kolubara — Serbian forces took advantage of the lull in battle as Austro-Hungarian forces slowly regrouped to resupply and counterattack, with King Peter I of Serbia accompanying his nation's army to the front to boost morale.
    Jimmie Mercer, a county ranger for Pima County, Arizona, was mortally wounded in Pantano, Arizona when a rancher suspected of cattle rustling shot him in the leg before fleeing. Mercer died of his gunshot wound ten days later in a Tucson hospital. Mercer was such a respected lawman and pioneer in southern Arizona that a memorial of him was established at the Ciénega Creek Natural Preserve.
    Born: Bill Erwin, American actor, best known for character supporting roles in major film and TV programs from the 1950s to the early 2000s including I Love Lucy, Gunsmoke, Star Trek: The Next Generation and Seinfeld, in Honey Grove, Texas (d. 2010); Russell Taylor, Welsh rugby player, played for the Cross Keys RFC and Abergavenny RFC and selected for the 1938 British Lions tour to South Africa, in Risca, Wales (d. 1965); Eddie Sauter, American jazz musician, best known for his collaborative work with artists Artie Shaw, Tommy Dorsey, Woody Herman, and Benny Goodman in New York City (d. 1981)
    Died: Alexander Campbell Fraser, Scottish philosopher, author of many biographies on British and Irish philosophers including Thomas Reid (b. 1819); J. Borden Harriman, American banker, president of Harriman & Co., husband to Florence Jaffray Harriman (b. 1864); Marc Pourpe, French aviator, completed the first airmail flight to Egypt, killed in a plane crash (b. 1887)

December 3, 1914 (Thursday)

    Battle of Qurna — The British Indian Army and forces with the Ottoman Empire clashed at the town of Qurna northwest of Basra, Iraq which had been captured by the British in November. Despite making steady advances on open ground, British soldiers could not find a suitable crossing at the Tigris river and so delayed in assaulting the town directly.
    Born: Trevor Foster, Welsh rugby player, played second-row for the Bradford Bulls from 1938 to 1955, in Newport, Wales (d. 2005)

December 4, 1914 (Friday)

    Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti argued in Parliament for Italy to continue remaining neutral during World War One.
    Mexican Revolution — Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata met in Xochimilco, Mexico to negotiate an alliance against Venustiano Carranza.
    Born: Claude Renoir, French cinematographer, nephew to film director Jean Renoir, known for his cinematography in The River, Cleopatra, and Barbarella, in Paris (d. 1993); George Swindin, British association football player and manager, 35-year career notable with Arsenal F.C., as goalkeeper from 1936 to 1954 and manager from 1958 to 1962, in Campsall, England (d. 2005); Rudolf Hausner, Austrian painter, co-founder of the Vienna School of Fantastic Realism, in Vienna (d. 1995)

December 5, 1914 (Saturday)

    Tashi Namgyal became the ruling Chogyal (King) of Sikkim, and the 11th ruler of the Namgyal dynasty after his half-brother and predecessor Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal died suddenly from heart failure after only ruling 10 months. Tashi would rule for several decades, and advocated for closer ties with India, resulting in Sikkim becoming part of the Indian Union in 1975.
    The Irish Volunteers appointed Eoin MacNeill as chief of staff for its main headquarters.
    The Norwegian schooner Endurance, carrying members of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition led by British explorer Ernest Shackleton, departed after month-long preparations from the British-governed South Georgia Islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and set course for the Antarctic.
    The Toronto Argonauts won their first Grey Cup, defeating the University of Toronto Varsity Blues 14 to 2 at the 6th Grey Cup at Varsity Stadium in Toronto.
    Born: Odette Joyeux, French actor and writer, in Paris (d. 2000)
    Died: William E. Haynes, American politician, U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1889 to 1893 (b. 1829)

December 6, 1914 (Sunday)

    Battle of Łódź — German forces occupied Łódź, the second largest city in Poland after Warsaw, effectively ending the battle. German casualties were 35,000, while Russian losses were double at 70,000 along with 25,000 prisoners and 79 captured guns.
    Battle of Kolubara — Serbian broke through the Austro-Hungarian line at their centre and on their right flank, forcing the invading army to retreat back to Belgrade, abandoning their weapons and equipment as they went.
    Mexican Revolution — Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata entered Mexico City at the head of an army of 60,000 men, forcing Venustiano Carranza and his supporters to retreat to Veracruz.
    Battle of Qurna — The British attempted a second assault on Qurna but only ended up retaking ground the Ottomans had moved back into just days before.
    President Adolfo Díaz was elected for a second term following general elections in Nicaragua.
    U.S. naval officer Charles Armijo Woodruff became the 11th Governor of American Samoa, succeeding Nathan Post.
    Born: Qiu Fazu, Chinese medical doctor and surgeon, considered the father of modern Chinese surgery, also rescued 40 Jewish concentration camp prisoners from the Holocaust, in Hangzhou, China (d. 2008); Cyril Washbrook, British cricketer, played for the Lancashire County Cricket Club from 1933 to 1959, including 37 Tests, in Barrow, Lancashire, England (d. 1999)

December 7, 1914 (Monday)

    Battle of Kolubara — The Austro-Hungarian Army attempted to regain control around Belgrade by attacking the right flank of the Serbian Army in the city's outskirts.
    Pope Benedict XV called for an official truce between the warring nations of World War One by Christmas, asking "that the guns may fall silent at least upon the night the angels sang."
    The ship Endurance encountered pack ice further north than expected and was forced to maneuver, creating delays for the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition.
    The first feature-length film composed entirely of indigenous North Americans was released as In the Land of the Head Hunters. The film is a fictionalized depiction of Kwakwaka'wakw (Kwakiutl) peoples that lived in the Queen Charlotte Strait region of British Columbia. The film was written and directed by Edward S. Curtis and acted entirely by member of the Kwakwaka'wakw. It was selected in 1999 for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant."
    The last film Charlie Chaplin did for Keystone Studios was released; His Prehistoric Past was a prehistoric comedy written and directed by Chaplin. Chaplin had asked for an increase in salary to $1,000 a week ($23,943 in 2016 dollars) when his contract came up for renewal at the end of the year, but Keystone producer Mack Sennett refused for being too large.
    Born: Alberto Castillo, Argentine tango singer and actor, in Buenos Aires (d. 2002); Winston Place, British cricketer, played for the Lancashire County Cricket Club from 1937 to 1955 and played three Tests in 1948, in Rawtenstall, England (d. 2002)

December 8, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Battle of the Falkland Islands — A superior British Royal Navy squadron under Doveton Sturdee located and gave chase to the Imperial German Navy squadron under Admiral Maximilian von Spee while trying to raid a British supply base on the Falkland Islands off Argentina. The British squadron — composed of HMS Invincible and Inflexible, the armoured cruisers HMS Carnarvon, Cornwall and Kent, the armed merchant cruiser HMS Macedonia and the light cruisers HMS Bristol and Glasgow — had superior firepower and were able to sink German cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, light cruisers SMS Nürnberg (1906) and Leipzig, and two auxiliary ships. Only the German light cruiser Dresden cruiser and a third auxiliary escaped. Casualties were incredibly one-sided, with German sustaining more than 1,800 casualties, including Admiral von Spee, while the British sustained only a dozen.
    Battle of Kolubara — The Serbian attacked the Austro-Hungarian Army before they could fall back and entrench themselves as the town towns of Užice and Valjevo in western Serbia. Using the hills surrounding Valjevo, the Serbs were able encircle the town and storm Austro-Hungarian defenses before they were all properly set up and capture the city with minimal casualties. In four days of counterattacks, the Serbian army captured more than 20,000 troops, 50 officers including a general, and 40 cannons as well as huge stocks of military equipment.
    Battle of Qurna — The British located a suitable crossing on the Tigris river to ensure Ottoman forces could not retake gained ground, while a British gunboat managed to capture an Ottoman steamer.
    U.S. President Woodrow Wilson delivered his 1914 State of the Union Address to both houses of the United States Congress, advocating the hopes of peace and growth of international trade and cooperation, in spite of ongoing events with World War One.
    Maritz Rebellion — Boer rebel leader General Christian Frederick Beyers drowned in the Vaal River while trying to escape pursuing forces of the Union of South Africa, effectively ending any organized rebellion in South Africa.
    The Mayfair Theatre in Dunedin, New Zealand opened to the public as the "King Edward Picture Theatre" to showcase new motion picture releases. The theater closed down as a movie house and was acquired by the Dunedin Opera Company in 1967 where it remains an opera house. The building was registered as a historic site by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust in 2008.
    The War Merit Cross was created by Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe to recognize significant contributions to the German war effort during World War One by military and civilians alike. Before discontinued in 1918, it had been awarded 18,000 times to combatants and 1,100 times to civilians.
    Born: Ernie Toshack, Australian cricketer, played 12 Tests for the Australia cricket team from 1946 to 1948, in Cobar, Australia (d. 2003); Bobby Grayson, American football player, played fullback for the Stanford University football team in three consecutive Rose Bowl games from 1933 to 1935, in Portland, Oregon (d. 1981)
    Died: Madison Cawein, American poet, author of the poem Waste Land which inspired T.S. Eliot's poem The Waste Land (b. 1865)

December 9, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Battle of Kolubara — The Austro-Hungarian counter-offensive around Belgrade failed and forces retreated towards the city centre.
    Battle of Qurna — With British now able to cross the river, the Ottoman command negotiated a surrender that would allow on the troops to leave the town of Qurna in exchange for handing it over to the British. However, British command ordered an unconditional surrender that the Ottomans reluctantly accepted, leading to 42 Ottoman officers and 989 soldiers to be taken prisoner. The British losses were 29 killed and 242 wounded.
    German submarine U-11 struck a mine off the coast of Belgium and sank, killing all 26 crew on board.
    The notorious British softcore porn magazine Photo Bits released its final issue, but already gained its reputation in literary circles, most famously for being mentioned in James Joyce's novel Ulysses.The magazine was famous for being one of Britain's most popular pin-up magazines even as it was also it the most maligned by moral leaders.
    Born: Frances Reid, American actress, known for role of Alice Horton on the NBC daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives from 1965 to 2007, in Wichita Falls, Texas (d. 2010); Shmuel Katz, South African-Israeli politician, co-founder of the nationalistic Herut political party in 1948, in Johannesburg (d. 2008)
    Died: Mitchell Cary Alford, American politician, 25th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky (b. 1855)

December 10, 1914 (Thursday)

    New Zealand held a general election to elect a total 80 Members of Parliament for the 19th New Zealand Parliament, with incumbent Prime Minister William Massey of the Reform Government maintaining power. Over 600,000 voters were registered, of which 84 per cent turned out to vote.
    Battle of Kolubara — The Serbian Army retook the lower reaches of the Drina, forcing most of the Austro-Hungarian troops to retreat across the river back towards Bosnia.
    The Royal Navy's first aircraft carrier, HMS Ark Royal, was commissioned.
    Born: Dorothy Lamour, American actress and singer, guest starred with Bing Crosby and Bob Hope on many of the Road to ... movies, in New Orleans (d. 1996)
    Died: Sereno E. Payne, American politician, U.S. Representative from New York and first House Majority Leader from 1899 to 1911 (b. 1843)

December 11, 1914 (Friday)

    Benito Mussolini merged his Facist organization Fasci Autonomi d'Azione Rivoluzionaria with Fasci d'Azione Internazionalista to become Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria (renamed later as Fasci Italiani di Combattimento), with Mussolini as the organization's leader.
    Born: Bill Nicholson, American baseball player, played right field for the Chicago Cubs from 1939 to 1948 and the Philadelphia Phillies from 1949 to 1953, in Chestertown, Maryland (d. 1996); Gabriel Chiramel, Indian academic and social activist, recipient of the Padma Bhushan in 2007 for contributions to education and literature, in Manaloor (still alive in 2016)

December 12, 1914 (Saturday)

    The New York Stock Exchange re-opened, having been closed since August 1 except for bond trading.
    The American steamer SS Ulysses was launched from the Bethlehem Sparrows Point Shipyard in Sparrows Point, Maryland. It was installed with guns when the United States entered World War One in 1917 and assigned to protect the Panama Canal.
    The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials was established as American Association of State Highway Officials to set standards for highway design and construction throughout the United States (it changed to its present name in 1973).
    Born: Patrick O'Brian, British novelist, author of the Aubrey–Maturin series, starting with Master and Commander, in Chalfont St Peter, England (d. 2000); Tom Kelley, American photographer, photographed various celebrities from Gary Cooper to John F. Kennedy, but most famous for his 1949 nude photos of Marilyn Monroe, in Philadelphia, (d. 1984)

December 13, 1914 (Sunday)

    Battle of Limanowa — The Austro-Hungarian Army successfully beat back all Russian attacks but casualties proved massive. Austro-Hungarian and supporting German forces sustained 12 casualties, while the Russian Imperial Army suffered 30,000 casualties.
    Battle of Kolubara — With most of the rest of the Austro-Hungarian Army pushed out of Serbia, General Oskar Potiorek ordered the remaining Austro-Hungarian forces in Belgrade to withdraw from the city.
    British submarine HMS B11 torpedoed the Ottoman ironclad Mesudiye in the Dardanelles, killing 37 sailors and officers. However, the ship's 150 mm guns were salvaged and rebuilt as defensive guns on the shores of the straits.
    Born: Fred Coe, American television producer, best known for the 1950s TV anthology series Goodyear Television Playhouse, in Alligator, Mississippi (d. 1979)

December 14, 1914 (Monday)

    Battle of Kolubara — Austrian-Hungarian forces began to evacuate out of Belgrade.
    Battle of Givenchy — France launched a winter offensive against the Germans with support from the British Expeditionary Force in the regions of Flanders and Artois in west Belgium.
    Municipal elections were held in Edmonton, Alberta, with just over 10,000 ballots cast out of 32,000 eligible voters, for a voter turnout of 31%. William Thomas Henry was elected 13th Mayor of Edmonton, beating challenger Joseph Adair in a landslide of over 8,000 votes to 1,600.
    A Royal Naval Air Service Avro 504 of the Eastchurch Squadron dropped four 16-lb (7.25-kg) bombs on the Ostend-Bruges railway in Belgium.
    A freighter responded to a rendezvous request by German naval officer Hellmuth von Mücke, leader of the 50-man landing party for the SMS Emden that was stranded on Cocos Islands in the Indian Ocean after their ship was damaged and grounded by the Australian cruisier HMAS Sydney. The crew commandeered a schooner to the Dutch East Indies but could not remain there without violating the Netherlands neutrality during World War One. The freighter picked up the landing party and delivered them to the Ottoman port city of Hodeida (now Al Hudaydah in Yemen).
    The ship Endurance encountered thick ice in the Weddell Sea, creating constant delays to the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Shackleton later wrote in memoirs: "I had been prepared for evil conditions in the Weddell Sea, but had hoped that the pack would be loose. What we were encountering was fairly dense pack of a very obstinate character".
    Canadian chartered Bank of Vancouver closed its doors after only four years, a victim of the sudden collapse of the real estate market and industry in Vancouver due by the onset of World War One.
    A film adaptation of The Last Egyptian by Land of Oz creator L. Frank Baum was released, starring J. Farrell MacDonald in the title role (who was also director).
    Born: Karl Carstens, German politician, President of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1979 to 1984, in Bremen, Germany (d 1992)

December 15, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Battle of Kolubara — The Serbian Army took back control of Belgrade, effectively ending the battle.
    A gas explosion at the Mitsubishi Hojyo coal mine in Kyūshū, Japan killed 687 miners, the worst coal mine disaster in Japanese history.
    Born: Henry Wells, American academic, leading political expert on Latin America who helped draft the Constitution of Puerto Rico, in Macomb, Illinois (d. 2007); Glynn Ross, American opera impresario (director), first director of the Seattle Opera from 1963 to 1983, in Omaha, Nebraska (d. 2005)
    Died: Martin Schanz, German academic, leading scholar on Plato and classical philosophy and the University of Würzburg from 1867 to 1912 (b. 1842)

December 16, 1914 (Wednesday)

    The Battle of Kolubara officially ended in a decisive victory for Serbia. The Austro-Hungarian Army suffered about 225,000 casualties, including 30,000 killed, 173,000 wounded and 70,000 taken prisoner, including 200 officers, as well as the loss of 130 cannons, 70 heavy machine-guns and large stocks of military supplies. The Serbian army suffered heavy casualties, with 22,000 killed, 91,000 wounded and 19,000 missing or captured.
   Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby — Imperial German Navy battle cruisers attacked English North Sea ports, resulting in 137 deaths.
    The British cruiser HMS Comus was launched by Swan Hunter at Wallsend, England, and would be involved in the Battle of Jutland in 1916.
    SMS Glyndwr was the first Imperial German Navy aviation ship to be commissioned. She served initially as a seaplane pilot training ship.
    Born: Jo Gullett, Australian politician, Member of the Australian House of Representatives for the Division of Henty from 1946 to 1955, in Canberra, Australia (d. 1999); O. Winston Link, American photographer, most famous for his photographs and sound recordings of the last steam locomotive in the United States, in New York City (d. 2001); Bob Leach, American journalist, advocate for victims' rights that resulting in the passing of Marsy's Law in California in 2008 (d. 2008)

December 17, 1914 (Thursday)

    The Ottoman Empire made known to Germany it had signed a secret alliance with Bulgaria back in August.
    First Battle of Artois — The first major offensive on Western Front since the First Battle of Ypres commenced with French forces attacking German defenses from Artois, France.
    U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signed the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, that was initially introduced by U.S. Representative Francis Burton Harrison.
    George J. Clark became Premier of New Brunswick, replacing James K. Flemming who resigned following a scandal concerning fundraising practices.
    The British cruiser HMS Calliope was launched at Chatham, Kent and would serve at the Battle of Jutland in 1916.
    Born: Luis Barragán, Argentine painter, leading artist in Abstract, Figurative, and Surrealist schools in Argentina, in Buenos Aires (d. 2009)

December 18, 1914 (Friday)

    The Sultanate of Egypt became a British protectorate.
    Battle of Givenchy — Offensive operations were halted due to bad weather, entrenched German defenses and lack of objectives reached.
    German submarine SM U-5 sank off the coast of Belgium following an accident, killing all 29 crew members.

December 19, 1914 (Saturday)

    The French submarine Curie (Q 87) was spotted by patrolling Austro-Hungarian Navy ships near Pula, Croatia. The submarine was hit and sunk, killing three sailors while the remaining crew of 23 were captured. Being in shallow water, the submarine was salvaged and repaired. It was reissued under the Austro-Hungarian fleet as SM U-14.
    Mohandas Gandhi left England sailing for India, accompanied by his wife Kasturba. He began to learn the Bengali language while on board.
    Born: Dietrich Hrabak, German Luftwaffe flying ace, credited with shooting down over 125 enemy aircraft, in Großdeuben, Germany (d. 1995); Alan Reid, British-Australian journalist, long-running member of the Canberra Press Gallery for the Parliament of Australia from 1937 to 1985, in Liverpool (d. 1987); Mel Shaw, American animator, best known for his work with Disney including Bambi, Beauty and the Beast and The Lion King, New York City (d. 2012)

December 20, 1914 (Sunday)

    First Battle of Champagne — The French Fourth Army launched attacks from Artois and Champagne in France in hopes of breaking through and forcing a German retreat.
    Battle of Givenchy — German forces attacked the town Givenchy in France defended by member of the British Indian Army, capturing defense trenches on either side of the town.
    The Tokyo Station opened in Japan.
    During a massive gale in Dover harbour, British ocean liner SS Montrose broke free of its moorings and drifted out to sea before it was wrecked on the Goodwin Sands offshore.
    The Anderson County Courthouse in Palestine, Texas was dedicated. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.
    Born: Harry F. Byrd, Jr., American politician, U.S. Senator from Virginia from 1965 till 1983, in Winchester, Virginia (d. 2013); Mary Helen Wright Greuter, American astronomer and historian, author of Explorer of the Universe: A Biography of George Ellery Hale (1966) and Sweeper of the Sky: The Life of Maria Mitchell (1949), in Washington, D.C. (d. 1997); Adrian von Fölkersam, German Waffen-SS during World War Two, recipient of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Saint Petersburg (d. 1945, killed action)

December 21, 1914 (Monday)

    First Battle of Champagne — After gaining some ground, French forces found German defenses were stronger than anticipated, with machine gun nests and mines slowing their advance.
    Battle of Givenchy — German forces launched a direct assault on Givenchy,France but reinforcements from France and Great Britain saved the village from capture.
    Lieutenant-General Sir William Birdwood arrived in Egypt to take command of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps.
    Great Britain was bombed by German aircraft for the first time, when an Etrich Taube dropped two bombs near the Admiralty Pier, Kent.
    Royal Naval Air Service Wing Commander Charles Rumney Samson conducted the first night bombing raid, attacking Ostend, Belgium flying a Maurice Farman biplane.
    The Mack Sennett comedy Tillie's Punctured Romance, which featured Marie Dressler, Mabel Normand, Charlie Chaplin and the Keystone Cops, was the first feature-length film released through Keystone Studios. Considered to be the first feature-length comedy ever released, the film, based on the Broadway play Tillie's Nightmare starring Dressler, became so popular that three other films featuring Dressler as the Tillie character were made.
    Born: Frank Fenner, Australian medical researcher, oversaw programs that eradicated smallpox and controlled the rabbit populations in Australia, in Ballarat, Australia (d. 2010)
    Died: William Montgomery, New Zealand politician, Member of the New Zealand Legislative Council from 1892 to 1906 (b. 1821)

December 22, 1914 (Tuesday)

    As result of his military failures during the Serbian Campaign, Oskar Potiorek was relieved of command of the Austro-Hungarian Army in the Balkans and replaced with Archduke Eugen of Austria, while the weakened 4th and 5th Armies of Austria-Hungary merged to become the 5th Army of 95,000 men.
    Battle of Sarikamish — Ottoman Empire forces began a offensive against the Russian Imperial Army in the Caucuses between the borders of each empire.
    Battle of Givenchy — French troops relieved British Indian troops at Givenchy, France, officially ending the battle.[68]
    Battle of Łowczówek — The First Brigade of the Polish Legions, allied with Austria-Hungary, fought Russian troops for key strategic hill defenses around the village of Łowczówek in Galicia (now south-western Poland).
    The thick ice opened up in the Weddell Sea, allowing the ship Endurance to continue steadily southward for the next two weeks towards the Antarctic, putting the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition back on schedule.
    Born: Leah Bodine Drake, American poet, best known for her poetry collection A Hornbook for Witches, in Chanute, Kansas (d. 1964); Paul Francis Leibold, American clergy, Archbishop of Cincinnati from 1969 to 1972, in Dayton, Ohio (d. 1972)
    Died: William Stanley West, American politician, U.S. Senator from Georgia in 1914 (b. 1849)

December 23, 1914 (Wednesday)

    Battle of Sarikamish — Two divisions with the Ottoman Empire pursued retreating Russian forces Ardahan in what is now the border between Turkey and Georgia, but thick fog confused a trailing division to believe the one in front was Russian instead of Ottoman. The friendly-fire battle cost Ottoman forces the lives of 2,000 soldiers.
    Battle of Łowczówek — After initial Russian counterattacks forced the First Brigade of the Polish Legions to retreat from Łowczówek in Galicia, conflicting orders from the Austro-Hungarian command called for them to recapture lost positions.
    The dissident Argentine association football organization Federación Argentina de Football merged with the Argentine Football Association following a three-year competing run against the established football competition.
    French deputy Georges Bonnefous put forth a legislative bill to create the Croix de la Valeur Militaire ("Cross of Military Valor") that was signed by 66 other deputies. The bill would eventually create the Croix de guerre (War Cross) award given to French soldiers or allies who displayed valor during World War One.

December 24, 1914 (Thursday)

    Battle of Sarikamish — Ottoman troops were forced on a punishing march through deep snow and freezing temperatures in the Caucuses towards Sarikamish and Kars. Thousands of soldiers died from hypothermia during the march.
    An unofficial temporary Christmas truce began between British and German soldiers on the Western Front.
    The musical Betty debuted at the Prince's Theatre in Manchester. Created by Frederick Lonsdale and Gladys Unger, composed by Paul Rubens and Ernest Steffan, and lyrics by Rubens and Adrian Ross, the musical enjoyed successful runs in London and New York City the following two years.
    The musical To-Night's the Night, composed by Paul Rubens, with lyrics by Percy Greenbank and Rubens, and a book adapted by Fred Thompson, made its Broadway debut at the Shubert Theatre in New York City at a start of successful run of 460 performances.
    Born: Herbert Reinecker, German writer, known as screenwriter for the 1970s German police procedural TV series Der Kommissar, in Hagen, Germany (d. 2007)
    Died: John Muir, Scottish-American geologist and ecologist, founder of the Sierra Club (b. 1838)

December 25, 1914 (Friday)

    Battle of Ardahan — Ottoman forces began a month-long siege on the Russian-held city of Ardahan on the border between the Russian and Ottoman Empires.
    Battle of Łowczówek — Russian assaults from Tuchów in heavy fog forced the First Brigade of the Polish Legions abandon its defense positions around Łowczówek, Galicia but succeeded in discouraging any further advances by the Imperial Russian Army. The Polish Legion sustained over 450 casualties during the battle was received accolades from Austria-Hungary for its efforts. The battle is mentioned on Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw.
    Battle of Sarikamish — Russian forces were ordered to evacuate Sarikamish, a city on the border of the Russian and Ottoman Empire.
    Cuxhaven Raid — British aircraft launched from warships attacked the German port of Cuxhaven with submarine support, although little damage was caused.
    HMS Empress, HMS Engadine, and HMS Riviera launched a seaplane attack on the Zeppelin sheds at Nordholz Naval Airbase, the first time a navy tried to exert sea power on land by means of the air. However, fog prevented the aircraft from reaching their target, and only three of the nine aircraft found their way back to their mother ships.
    Born: Irina Sebrova, Soviet Air Force officer, member of the all-female Night Witches air squadron during World War Two and recipient of the Hero of the Soviet Union, in Novomoskovsk, Russia (d. 2000)
    Died: Jean Alfred Fournier, French medical researcher, leading specialist in sexually transmitted infections including congenital syphilis (b. 1832)

December 26, 1914 (Saturday)

    The British Expeditionary Force was reorganized into the First Army under command of Lieutenant-General Sir Douglas Haig and the Second Army under command of Horace Smith-Dorrien.
    Battle of Sarikamish — Russian completely retreated from Sarikamish in an orderly fashion, leaving behind two cavalry units and 1,000 railway to defend the retreating line.

    German diplomat Franz von Papen recruited plantation manager Werner Horn in New York City to sabotage Canadian railways.
    Born: Richard Widmark, American actor, known for roles including his debut in Kiss of Death, in Sunrise Township, Chisago County, Minnesota (d. 2008); Baba Amte, Indian social worker and activist, known for organizing and advocating rehabilitation and empowerment program for poor people suffering from leprosy in India, in Hinganghat, India (d. 2008); Archer Denness, Australian army officer, recipient of the Military Cross for this command at the Battle of Yongju during the Korean War, in Fremantle, Australia (d. 1997)
    Born: Crawford Gordon Jr., Canadian industrialist, leader of wartime defense production in Canada under Minister of Munitions and Supply C.D. Howe during the World War Two, in Winnipeg (d. 1967); Albert Simonson, American chess master, gold medal winner at the 5th Chess Olympiad in 1933, in New York City (d. 1965); Samuel Ifor Enoch, Welsh Biblical academic, leading researcher in the Dead Sea Scrolls and author of The Jesus of Faith and the Dead Sea Scrolls, in Ceredigion, Wales (d. 2001)

December 27, 1914 (Sunday)

    First Battle of Champagne — French forces grouped near Perthes, France to begin a fresh assault on German defenses.
    British torpedo boat destroyer HMS Success was wrecked off Fife Ness, Scotland during a massive storm but with no loss of life.
    Died: Patrick William Riordan, Canadian-American Roman Catholic priest, served as Archbishop for San Francisco from 1884 to 1914 (b. 1841); Charles Martin Hall, American chemist and inventor, best known for his role in developing the Hall–Héroult process to smelting aluminum (b. 1863)

December 28, 1914 (Monday)

    Battle of Sarikamish — The advance of Ottoman tropps in the Caucuses slowed to most of the soldiers being too exhausted and cold to continue marching, while Russian forces regrouped and held off the advance at the town of Horasan near the border between the two empires.
    The British film A Study in Scarlet was the first ever to feature the literary detective Sherlock Holmes. Francis Ford both played the title role and directed the film, with his brother, future Western film director John Ford, playing Watson.The film is missing from the BFI National Archive, and is listed as one of the British Film Institute's "75 Most Wanted" lost films.
    Mary Pickford starred as Cinderella in the film of the same name, directed by James Kirkwood, Sr., produced by Daniel Frohman, and released by Famous Players Film Company. The film is still readily available through archives and online.
    The film serial The Exploits of Elaine was released, with Pearl White playing the damsel in distress. The serial was named to the United States National Film Registry in 1994 for its cultural and historic importance.
    Born: Bidia Dandaron, Buddhist author and teacher in the Soviet Union, in Kizhinga, Buryatia, Russian Empire (d. 1974); Bernard Youens, British actor, best known for the role of Stan Ogden on the long-running BBC soap opera Coronation Street, in Hove, England (d. 1984)
    Born: Pops Staples, American musician, patriarch of the family gospel and R&B group The Staples Singers, known for songs including the 1972 hit "I'll Take You There", in Winona, Mississippi (d. 2000); Joseph Dippolito, American gangster, underboss of the Los Angeles crime family from 1967 to 1969, in New York City (d. 1974); Lee Bowman, American actor, bet known for leading roles in films such as Cover Girl and The Impatient Years, in Cincinnati (d. 1979)

December 29, 1914 (Tuesday)

    Battle of Sarikamish — Ottoman forces totaling 12,000 men attacked Sarikamish but only 300 men succeeded in breaking into the city. Russian defenders drove off the Ottoman troops, inflicting 6,000 casualties.
    Born: Billy Tipton, American jazz musician, later uncovered he was a transgender male (assigned female gender at birth), in Oklahoma City (d. 1989); Albert Tucker, Australian artist, member of the Heide Circle, in Melbourne (d. 1999); Paul Pierce, American football coach, coached Sul Ross State University from 1946 to 1951 and Sam Houston State University from 1952 to 1967 where his team shared the 1964 NAIA Football National Championship with Concordia College, in Doña Ana County, New Mexico (d. 2004)

December 30, 1914 (Wednesday)

    First Battle of Champagne — As the French launched a new assault, the German counterattacked their right flank and took out three lines of defense and inflicted major casualties.
    Born: Bert Parks, American singer and actor, best known for hosting the Miss America Pageant telecast from 1955 to 1979, in Atlanta (d. 1992); Aloísio de Oliveira, Brazilian musician, best known for his collaborations with performer Carmen Miranda, in Rio de Janeiro (d. 1995)

December 31, 1914 (Thursday)

    Battle of Sarikamish — Ottoman forces retreating from Sarikamish were bogged down in the woods outside the city. Reduced to from 12,000 to 2,500 soldiers and handful of guns, the remaining units fled and freed major routes into Sarikamish for Russians to resupply.
    First Battle of Champagne — French forces retook the ground lost the previous day but four major counter-attacks by the Germans put the line offensive into disorganization.
    The last issue of the Norwegian daily newspaper Solungen was published in Åsnes, Norway after which the paper merged with Glommendalens Social-Demokrat.
    T. S. Eliot wrote to Conrad Aiken from Merton College, Oxford, saying: "I hate university towns and university people, who are the same everywhere, with pregnant wives, sprawling children, many books and hideous pictures on the walls ... Oxford is very pretty, but I don't like to be dead."
    Born: Beth Levine, American fashion designer, leading designer of the Levine shoe line from the 1950s to 1970s, wife to Herbert Levine, in Patchogue, New York (d. 2006)